1 00:00:11,710 --> 00:00:15,350 WELCOME TO THE MOVING BEYOND EARTH GALLERY. 2 00:00:15,350 --> 00:00:20,860 AND ESPECIALLY TO THE WHAT'S NEW IN AEROSPACE PROGRAM THAT WE'VE 3 00:00:20,860 --> 00:00:24,740 BEEN HOSTING HERE NOW THIS YEAR. 4 00:00:24,740 --> 00:00:28,400 AND WE'RE VERY EXCITED ABOUT. 5 00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,230 WE ALSO WANT TO WELCOME OUR ELECTRONIC AUDIENCE, THE NASA 6 00:00:32,230 --> 00:00:34,210 NETWORK AUDIENCE. 7 00:00:34,210 --> 00:00:40,050 AND TALK ABOUT A SUBJECT WHICH ACTUALLY IS VERY DEAR, I THINK, 8 00:00:40,050 --> 00:00:45,440 TO MY HEART AND THAT IS UNDERLYING ALL OF THIS, IS THERE 9 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:47,420 LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE? 10 00:00:47,420 --> 00:00:50,100 THE ANSWER TO THAT, WHAT WOULD YOU SAY? 11 00:00:50,100 --> 00:00:54,030 WHO WOULD LIKE TO ANSWER THAT QUESTION WITH A ONE WORD? 12 00:00:54,030 --> 00:00:56,070 IS THERE LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE? 13 00:00:56,070 --> 00:00:58,329 JUST BLURT IT OUT. 14 00:00:58,329 --> 00:00:59,589 YES. 15 00:00:59,589 --> 00:01:00,920 WHERE IS IT? 16 00:01:04,809 --> 00:01:01,940 HERE. 17 00:01:04,809 --> 00:01:07,210 WE HAVE TWO GREAT SPEAKERS TODAY. 18 00:01:07,210 --> 00:01:12,740 WE HAVE TOM BARKLEY WHO IS FROM THE AREA ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 19 00:01:12,740 --> 00:01:13,740 INSTITUTE. 20 00:01:13,740 --> 00:01:17,549 HE IS A SCIENTISTS WORKING ON NASA'S COUPLER AND TAKE TWO 21 00:01:17,549 --> 00:01:18,549 MISSIONS. 22 00:01:18,549 --> 00:01:24,131 THAT MEANS THAT HE FINDS THESE EXTRA SOLAR PLANETS AROUND AN 23 00:01:24,131 --> 00:01:29,180 ABUND ANZ OF STARS. 24 00:01:29,180 --> 00:01:32,130 THERE ARE SO MANY STARS OUT THERE WITH PLANETS. 25 00:01:32,130 --> 00:01:34,560 BUT THEN WHAT DO YOU DO WHETHER YOU FIND THEM? 26 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:39,250 WE ALSO HAVE HANNAH RUTH-WAKEFORD, A FELLOW AT THE 27 00:01:39,250 --> 00:01:41,140 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER. 28 00:01:41,140 --> 00:01:46,550 SHE'S WORKING IN THE PLANETARY SYSTEMS LABORATORY TO SAY OKAY, 29 00:01:46,550 --> 00:01:51,340 ONCE YOU FIND PLANET, DOES IT HAVE AN ATMOSPHERE? 30 00:01:51,340 --> 00:01:53,390 IS IT SUITABLE FOR LIFE? 31 00:01:53,390 --> 00:01:56,990 SO IT'S HARD FOR ME TO GET MY MIND AROUND THE FACT THAT NOT 32 00:01:56,990 --> 00:01:59,939 ONLY ARE WE LOOKING FOR PLANETS, BUT WE ARE APPLYING 33 00:01:59,939 --> 00:02:03,979 ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND INTERPRETIVE STUDIES TO THESE 34 00:02:03,979 --> 00:02:05,950 EXTRA SOLAR SYSTEM. 35 00:02:05,950 --> 00:02:09,820 AND SO SOONER OR LATER, WE'RE GOING TO HAVE AN ANSWER. 36 00:02:09,820 --> 00:02:11,520 WHY ARE WE DOING THIS NOW? 37 00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:18,310 BECAUSE IT'S BEEN 20 YEARS SINCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF ARE THERE 38 00:02:18,310 --> 00:02:22,661 OTHER PLANETS AROUND OTHER STARS AND OTHER SOLAR SYSTEM IN THE 39 00:02:22,661 --> 00:02:24,770 UNIVERSE BEYOND OUR OWN? 40 00:02:24,770 --> 00:02:28,940 20 YEARS AGO, 25 YEARS AGO WE LIKED WOULD SAY, SURE. 41 00:02:28,940 --> 00:02:30,920 BUT WE REALLY DON'T KNOW. 42 00:02:30,920 --> 00:02:32,660 TODAY, SURE. 43 00:02:32,660 --> 00:02:34,550 WE REALLY DO KNOW. 44 00:02:34,550 --> 00:02:36,640 AND THAT'S BEEN A TOTALLY EXCITING THING. 45 00:02:36,640 --> 00:02:41,000 WE'RE GOING TO BE LOOKING AT THE TWO PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF THE 46 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:44,070 SEARCH, THE SEARCH ITSELF AND THEN WHAT DO YOU DO WITH THE 47 00:02:44,070 --> 00:02:45,480 SEARCH? 48 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:48,000 IN THIS PROGRAM TODAY. 49 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:52,420 SO I'D LIKE TO TURN FIRST TO TOM WHO IS GOING TO TELL US ABOUT 50 00:02:52,420 --> 00:02:53,420 THAT SEARCH. 51 00:02:53,420 --> 00:02:54,910 >> ALL RIGHT. 52 00:02:54,910 --> 00:02:55,910 THANK YOU. 53 00:02:55,910 --> 00:02:57,990 SO I'D LIKE TO SAY MY NAME IS TOM BARKLEY AND I'M COMING OUT 54 00:02:57,990 --> 00:03:01,600 OF A RESEARCH CENTER BASED IN THE HEART OF SILICON VALLEY IN 55 00:03:01,600 --> 00:03:03,430 CALIFORNIA. 56 00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:09,000 WHAT I DO IS I LOOK FOR PLANETS OR STARS OTHER THAN THE SUN. 57 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:11,560 WE CALL THESE PLANETS EXTRA SOLAR PLANETS. 58 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:13,440 AT LEAST WE DID A FEW YEARS AGO. 59 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:16,350 EXTRA SOLAR IS TOO LONG SO NOW WE CALL THEM EXSO PLANETS. 60 00:03:16,350 --> 00:03:21,290 THEY'RE I HAVE DIFFERENT FROM OUR OWN. 61 00:03:21,290 --> 00:03:24,890 STARS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE SUN. 62 00:03:24,890 --> 00:03:26,740 FAR OUT IN THE MILKY WAY. 63 00:03:26,740 --> 00:03:30,510 I'LL PUT UP SOME SLIDES. 64 00:03:30,510 --> 00:03:34,930 I THINK I CAN SHOW YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE HISTORY OF FINDING 65 00:03:34,930 --> 00:03:39,390 THE PLANETS AND HOW NASA IS INVESTED IN THIS SEARCH. 66 00:03:39,390 --> 00:03:43,740 SO THE FIRST PLANETS WERE FOUND BY FIRST ORBITTING A STAR LIKE 67 00:03:43,740 --> 00:03:50,480 OUR SUN THIS MONTH AGO ORBITTING A STAR. 68 00:03:50,480 --> 00:03:52,640 THESE WERE FOUND ON THE GROUND. 69 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:56,380 BUT SINCE THEN, NASA'S BEEN SPENDING MOST OF LET SOURCES AND 70 00:03:56,380 --> 00:04:00,820 TIME SEARCHING FOR PLANETS FROM SPACE, USING SPACE TELESCOPES. 71 00:04:00,820 --> 00:04:05,320 THIS STARTED WITH THE GREAT WORK HORSE OF NASA, THE HUBBLE SPACE 72 00:04:05,320 --> 00:04:08,530 TELESCOPE WHICH IS VERY FAMOUS FOR ITS BEAUTIFUL IMAGES. 73 00:04:08,530 --> 00:04:10,280 THIS STARTED THE REVOLUTION. 74 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:15,720 THEN THERE WAS A TELESCOPE THAT I'M GOING TO DISCUSS IN A LITTLE 75 00:04:15,720 --> 00:04:19,881 BIT DURING THIS TALK THAT REALLY CHANGED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF OUR 76 00:04:19,881 --> 00:04:21,850 PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE. 77 00:04:21,850 --> 00:04:25,291 AND GOING ON FROM THERE, THERE'S A K-2 MISSION WHICH IS THE NEW 78 00:04:25,291 --> 00:04:29,061 LIFE AND IN THE FUTURE SOMETHING KNOWN AS THE TEST MISSION, THE 79 00:04:29,061 --> 00:04:33,770 SURVEY SATELLITE WHICH FOR THOSE IN THIS ROOM CAN LEARN ABOUT 80 00:04:33,770 --> 00:04:37,979 THIS AFTER THIS TALK IN THE BACK HERE AND FOLLOWING UP WITH THE 81 00:04:37,979 --> 00:04:42,139 NEXT GREAT OF JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE AND THEN BEYOND THAT, 82 00:04:42,139 --> 00:04:45,160 THERE ARE WHAT SOME OF THE KIDS IN THE AUDIENCE WILL BE WORKING 83 00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:47,300 ON IF THEY BECOME SCIENTISTS. 84 00:04:47,300 --> 00:04:53,180 WITH THIS TALK, REALLY WHAT I WANT YOU TO DO IS BY THE END OF 85 00:04:53,180 --> 00:04:55,870 IT, KNOW HOW WE'RE GOING TO HOPEFULLY FIND ALIENS. 86 00:04:55,870 --> 00:04:56,909 THAT'S THE PLAN. 87 00:04:56,909 --> 00:04:59,379 SO IF YOU STAY UNTIL THE END, YOU SHOULD KNOW HOW WE'RE GOING 88 00:04:59,379 --> 00:05:00,790 TO DO THIS. 89 00:05:00,790 --> 00:05:04,500 MAKE NO MISTAKE, THE PEOPLE WHO SAID THEY WANT TO GO AND 90 00:05:04,500 --> 00:05:05,500 FIND 91 00:05:05,500 --> 00:05:07,599 ALIENS, THEY WERE CRAZY. 92 00:05:07,599 --> 00:05:17,259 BUT NOW THERE IS A WAY TO FIND LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE. 93 00:05:17,259 --> 00:05:22,810 THE WAY WE FIND PLANETS IS USING THE TRANSIT TECHNIQUE. 94 00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:26,130 THE WAY TRANSIT WORKS IS YOU HAVE A STAR. 95 00:05:26,130 --> 00:05:28,930 YOU HAVE PLANETS PASSING IN FRONT OF THAT STAR. 96 00:05:28,930 --> 00:05:31,979 THAT PLANET BLOCKS A LITTLE BIT OF THE LIGHT COMING FROM THE 97 00:05:31,979 --> 00:05:32,979 STAR. 98 00:05:32,979 --> 00:05:37,400 THE STAR GETS DIM AND THE SPACECRAFT APPEARS DIMMER. 99 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:38,930 SOME OF THE LIGHTS GO OFF. 100 00:05:38,930 --> 00:05:41,129 WE KNOW A PLANET IS THERE. 101 00:05:41,129 --> 00:05:44,840 WE'RE FORTUNATE ENOUGH TO SEE PLANETS IN OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM, 102 00:05:44,840 --> 00:05:46,610 TRANSIT THE STAR. 103 00:05:46,610 --> 00:05:50,440 JUST ONCE THERE WERE ABOUT 200 YEARS, VENUS TRANSITS THE SUN 104 00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:52,729 FROM OUR PERSPECTIVE. 105 00:05:52,729 --> 00:05:55,040 WE'RE LIVING IN A TIME WHEN THAT JUST HAPPENED. 106 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:58,250 IF YOU MISSED IT, WELL, I HOPE YOU'RE LIVING A HEALTHY LIFE. 107 00:05:58,250 --> 00:06:02,540 YOU'RE GOING TO LIVE ANOTHER 200 YEARS TO SEE ANOTHER ONE. 108 00:06:02,540 --> 00:06:05,659 BUT AT 2012, VENUS TRANSITS THE SUN. 109 00:06:05,659 --> 00:06:08,770 THIS IS A VIDEO FOR THOSE OF THAT YOU CAN LOOK LEFT OR RIGHT 110 00:06:08,770 --> 00:06:11,730 IN THE ROOM OF THE TRANSIT OF VENUS. 111 00:06:11,730 --> 00:06:16,219 YOU CAN SEE IT MOVING ACROSS THE FACE OF THE SUN. 112 00:06:16,219 --> 00:06:20,340 THE SUN ISN'T A UNIFORM BRIGHTNESS. 113 00:06:20,340 --> 00:06:24,189 IT IS ACTUALLY VERY ACTIVE AND DYNAMIC. 114 00:06:24,189 --> 00:06:26,910 A LOT OF THINGS ARE HAPPENING ON THE SURFACE HERE. 115 00:06:26,910 --> 00:06:27,910 YOU SEE THE EDGES. 116 00:06:27,910 --> 00:06:29,539 IT APPEARS DIMMER TO OUR EYES. 117 00:06:29,539 --> 00:06:33,970 YOU SEE IT REPEATS THE PLANET COMING IN ACROSS THE LIMB OF THE 118 00:06:33,970 --> 00:06:35,599 STAR. 119 00:06:35,599 --> 00:06:38,360 THERE IS A LOT OF STUFF GOING ON THE SURFACE. 120 00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:42,789 THIS IS CONVECTION THIS IS HOT PLASMA, HOT GAS MOVING UP AND 121 00:06:42,789 --> 00:06:46,219 MOVING DOWN AS THE PLANET PASSES IN FRONT OF THE STAR. 122 00:06:46,219 --> 00:06:50,729 THIS IS ACTUALLY WHAT CAUSES A NOISE OR DETECTION. 123 00:06:50,729 --> 00:06:54,189 IT'S LIMITED BY HOW MUCH STUFF IS HAPPENING ON THE SURFACE OF 124 00:06:54,189 --> 00:06:55,590 THE STAR. 125 00:06:55,590 --> 00:06:56,750 SO THIS IS WHAT WE DO. 126 00:06:56,750 --> 00:06:58,630 WE TAKE THE LIGHT OF THE STAR. 127 00:06:58,630 --> 00:07:02,550 WE WAIT FOR A PLANET TO PASS IN FRONT OF THE STAR. 128 00:07:02,550 --> 00:07:04,810 HERE'S MORE OF A REAL DATA. 129 00:07:04,810 --> 00:07:07,139 THIS IS WHAT OUR SPACECRAFT TAKES. 130 00:07:07,139 --> 00:07:08,620 MANY PEOPLE WON'T SHOW REAL DATA. 131 00:07:08,620 --> 00:07:12,309 IT'S, YOU KNOW, A LITTLE BIT MORE DIFFICULT TO INTERPRET. 132 00:07:12,309 --> 00:07:15,360 BUT WHAT YOU'RE SEEING HERE IS A TIME SERIES. 133 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:18,100 WE MEASURE THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE STAR EVERY 30 MINUTES. 134 00:07:18,100 --> 00:07:23,999 AND THEN IN THIS CASE, EVERY FEW DAYS YOU SEE A REGULAR DIP. 135 00:07:23,999 --> 00:07:26,930 THIS REGULAR DIP IS BECAUSE A PLANET IS PASSING IN FRONT. 136 00:07:26,930 --> 00:07:31,080 AND BY THE DEPTH OF THE DIP, YOU CAN TELL HOW BIG THE PLANET IS. 137 00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:33,680 BUT SIMPLY BECAUSE YOU HAVE A BIGGER PLANET, YOU BLOCK MORE 138 00:07:33,680 --> 00:07:34,949 STAR LIGHT. 139 00:07:34,949 --> 00:07:38,690 YOU HAVE A SMALLER PLANET, YOU BLOCK A TINY FRACTION OF THE 140 00:07:38,690 --> 00:07:39,699 STAR LIGHT. 141 00:07:39,699 --> 00:07:44,059 AND HOW OFTEN THE DIP HAPPENS, YOU CAN TELL HOW OFTEN THE 142 00:07:44,059 --> 00:07:46,159 PLANET GOES AROUND THE STAR. 143 00:07:46,159 --> 00:07:48,840 WE CALL THIS THE ORBITAL PERIOD. 144 00:07:48,840 --> 00:07:50,169 SO WHAT ARE ORBITAL PERIODS? 145 00:07:50,169 --> 00:07:55,409 DOES ANYONE KNOW HOW OFTEN WE GO AROUND OUR STAR? 146 00:07:55,409 --> 00:07:59,069 A SIMPLE WORD FOR IT, A YEAR. 365 DAYS. 147 00:07:59,069 --> 00:08:01,189 THAT'S HOW LONG IT TAKES US TO GO AROUND. 148 00:08:01,189 --> 00:08:05,009 PLANET GOES AREN'T STAR IN JUST 12 HOURS. 149 00:08:05,009 --> 00:08:07,800 WE KNOW OTHER ONES THAT GO AROUND THEIR STAR IN CENTURIES. 150 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:12,360 THERE'S A HUGE RANGE OF YEARS ORBITAL PERIODS FOR OTHER 151 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:16,949 PLANETS. 152 00:08:16,949 --> 00:08:19,430 SO IN ORDER TO DETECT THESE TRANSITS, WE BUILT A SPECIAL 153 00:08:19,430 --> 00:08:25,150 KIND OF SPACECRAFT, DETECTOR THAT VERY BIG. 154 00:08:25,150 --> 00:08:27,449 YOU NEED TO LOOK AT A LOT OF STARS. 155 00:08:27,449 --> 00:08:28,669 THINK ABOUT HOW TRANSIT WORKS. 156 00:08:28,669 --> 00:08:30,259 YOU HAVE A STAR IN THE MIDDLE. 157 00:08:30,259 --> 00:08:31,439 YOU HAVE A PLANET FURTHER OUT. 158 00:08:31,439 --> 00:08:34,570 THE PLANET GOES AROUND IN A CIRCLE OR AN ELLIPSE. 159 00:08:34,570 --> 00:08:38,810 YOU NEED TO HAVE IT LINED UP JUST RIGHT TO SEE IT. 160 00:08:38,810 --> 00:08:43,300 IF IT'S ANGLED AWAY FROM YOU, YOU SEE NO PLANET. 161 00:08:43,300 --> 00:08:46,621 YOU NEED TO LOOK AT AN AWFULLY LARGE NUMBER OF STARS TO SEE 162 00:08:46,621 --> 00:08:49,320 JUST ONE TRANSIT. 163 00:08:49,320 --> 00:08:53,930 IF YOU WERE TO DETECT EARTH, YOU NEED TO LOOK AT ABOUT 200 EARTH 164 00:08:53,930 --> 00:08:58,280 ANALOG SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO DETECT ONE EARTH. 165 00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:02,760 NOT BECAUSE THE CHANCE OF LINING UP IS ABOUT ONE IN 200. 166 00:09:02,760 --> 00:09:05,970 THIS MOVIE HERE IS SHOWING THE SPACECRAFT WE BUILT WITH THIS 167 00:09:05,970 --> 00:09:09,230 LARGE DETECTOR TO DETECT PLANETS. 168 00:09:09,230 --> 00:09:11,540 THE OTHER THING YOU NEED, YOU NEED TO BE -- YOU NEED TO LOOK 169 00:09:11,540 --> 00:09:15,080 AT THE FIELD FOR A VERY LONG TIME. 170 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:17,580 SO WE LOST THE SPACECRAFT IN 2009. 171 00:09:17,580 --> 00:09:21,570 WE SPENT ABOUT 3 1/2 YEARS LOOKING AT THE SAME FIELD. 172 00:09:21,570 --> 00:09:22,690 THIS IS A FIELD IN THE SKY. 173 00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:25,960 YOU SEE THE MILKY WAY RUNNING THROUGH THE MIDDLE HERE. 174 00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:29,470 AND JUST ABOVE THE MILKY WAY, YOU SEE THIS STRANGE PUDDLE THAT 175 00:09:29,470 --> 00:09:32,080 IS LIKE A SQUARE WITH THE CORNER CUT OUT. 176 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:34,010 THAT'S THE SHAPE OF OUR CAMERA. 177 00:09:34,010 --> 00:09:38,740 THE PICTURE HERE IS THE PHOTO WE TOOK OF THE SKY WITH OUR -- WHEN 178 00:09:38,740 --> 00:09:42,240 OUR CAMERA WENT FIRST INTO SPACE TO DETECT THINGS. 179 00:09:42,240 --> 00:09:46,350 AND JUST ZOOMED IN THE BOTTOM LEFT, YOU SEE SOME FUZZY BLOCKS. 180 00:09:46,350 --> 00:09:47,940 THESE FUZZY BLOCKS ARE STARS. 181 00:09:47,940 --> 00:09:49,780 THIS IS WHAT WE LOOK AT. 182 00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:52,700 YOU KNOW, PEOPLE DON'T OFTEN SHOW DATA COMING FROM OUR 183 00:09:52,700 --> 00:09:53,850 SPACECRAFT. 184 00:09:53,850 --> 00:09:56,290 AND THAT'S BECAUSE WE TAKE IMAGES THAT LOOK LIKE THIS THAT 185 00:09:56,290 --> 00:09:58,990 ARE, TO ME, A BEAUTIFUL BUT AREN'T AS BEAUTIFUL TO THE 186 00:09:58,990 --> 00:10:00,120 PUBLIC, TO YOU GUYS. 187 00:10:00,120 --> 00:10:01,460 THEY'RE NOT HUBBLE IMAGES. 188 00:10:01,460 --> 00:10:03,270 THEY DON'T HAVE BEAUTIFUL COLORS. 189 00:10:03,270 --> 00:10:07,020 THEY DON'T HAVE BEAUTIFUL FEATURES. 190 00:10:07,020 --> 00:10:08,190 TO ME THIS IS AMAZING. 191 00:10:08,190 --> 00:10:10,880 WE TAKE THESE UGLY IMAGES. 192 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:12,260 WE ADD UP THE STAR LIGHT. 193 00:10:12,260 --> 00:10:14,000 WE FIND PLANETS. 194 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:17,100 THE WAY WE DO THIS HERE IN THE TOP LEFT IS ONE OF THE FUZZY 195 00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:18,100 BLOBS. 196 00:10:18,100 --> 00:10:20,370 AND ONE OF THE READ THE STARS WE OBSERVE. 197 00:10:20,370 --> 00:10:22,870 WE MEASURE IT AND MEASURE IT AND MEASURE IT AND REPEAT MEASURING 198 00:10:22,870 --> 00:10:26,380 IT FOR YEARS AND YEARS ON END ALL THE TIME. 199 00:10:26,380 --> 00:10:27,880 WAITING FOR A PLANET TO PASS IN FRONT. 200 00:10:27,880 --> 00:10:31,830 AND WHEN IT DOES, THIS IS REAL DATA OF THE FIRST ROCKY PLANET 201 00:10:31,830 --> 00:10:34,220 WE EVER FOUND OUTSIDE OF OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 202 00:10:34,220 --> 00:10:39,210 IT WAS KNOWN AS KEPLAR 10-B. IT WAGS LIKE EIGHT TIMES AS MUCH 203 00:10:39,210 --> 00:10:40,750 AS THE EARTH AND IT IS VERY HOT. 204 00:10:40,750 --> 00:10:42,780 IT IS A HOT WORLD. 205 00:10:42,780 --> 00:10:43,780 IT'S NOTHING LIKE THE EARTH. 206 00:10:43,780 --> 00:10:47,470 FOR THE FIRST TIME, WE KNEW THERE ARE PLACES OUT THERE THAT 207 00:10:47,470 --> 00:10:50,910 ARE ROCKY LIKE OUR OWN. 208 00:10:50,910 --> 00:10:56,510 SO LET ME TAKE YOU A LITTLE BIT INTO THE HISTORY OF WHERE WE 209 00:10:56,510 --> 00:10:57,510 ARE. 210 00:10:57,510 --> 00:11:01,620 I THINK BECAUSE WE'VE NOW KNOWN OF THE PLANETS FOR 20 YEARS, YOU 211 00:11:01,620 --> 00:11:03,910 KNOW, MANY OF YOU IN THE AUDIENCE WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN BORN 212 00:11:03,910 --> 00:11:05,460 WHEN WE DIDN'T KNOW A PLANET. 213 00:11:05,460 --> 00:11:10,140 AND MANY OF YOU OTHER PEOPLE IN THE AUDIENCE SPENT TIME WITHOUT 214 00:11:10,140 --> 00:11:11,560 EXTRA PLANETS EXISTING. 215 00:11:11,560 --> 00:11:13,950 IT'S NICE TO LOOK BACK AND SEE WHERE WE ARE. 216 00:11:13,950 --> 00:11:19,610 UP UNTIL 1995, WE HAD OUR OWN PLANET FROM OUR OWN SOLAR 217 00:11:19,610 --> 00:11:23,260 SYSTEM, EIGHT OR NINE, DEPENDING ON YOUR VIEW OF PLUTO. 218 00:11:23,260 --> 00:11:26,700 AND WE HAD A FEW OTHER HINTS THAT THERE MIGHT BE OTHER 219 00:11:26,700 --> 00:11:28,700 PLANETS OUT THERE. 220 00:11:28,700 --> 00:11:34,900 IN THE EARLY '90s, WE FOUND A FEW PLANETS ORBITING NEUTRON 221 00:11:34,900 --> 00:11:37,650 STARS. 222 00:11:37,650 --> 00:11:49,380 BUT IN 1995, WE FOUND THE FIRST PLANET ORBITING A STAR OTHER 223 00:11:49,380 --> 00:11:50,380 THAN THE SUN. 224 00:11:50,380 --> 00:11:51,820 THEN THE FLOODGATES REALLY OPENED. 225 00:11:51,820 --> 00:11:55,970 THIS IS WHERE WE WENT TO FROM THE HISTORY. 226 00:11:55,970 --> 00:11:57,490 I'M SHOWING A GRAPH HERE. 227 00:11:57,490 --> 00:12:01,180 I'M ONLY GOING TO SHOW ONE OR TWO GRAPHS DURING THIS TALK. 228 00:12:01,180 --> 00:12:03,870 I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND WHERE WE ARE VIA A 229 00:12:03,870 --> 00:12:04,870 GRAPH. 230 00:12:04,870 --> 00:12:08,610 SO THE X FACTORS HERE, THE HORIZONTAL AXIS SHOWS THE 231 00:12:08,610 --> 00:12:09,610 ORBITAL PERIOD. 232 00:12:09,610 --> 00:12:14,240 THIS IS THE YEAR OF THE PLANET. 233 00:12:14,240 --> 00:12:19,560 THE Y AXIS, THE VERTICAL AXIS SHOWS HOW BIG THE PLANET IS. 234 00:12:19,560 --> 00:12:21,800 YOU CAN SEE THE LINE OF EARTH. 235 00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:24,740 THAT'S ONE TIMES THE SIZE OF EARTH. 236 00:12:24,740 --> 00:12:25,740 YOU CAN SEE THE LINE OF NEPTUNE. 237 00:12:25,740 --> 00:12:28,250 THAT IS FOUR TIME THE SIZE OF EARTH. 238 00:12:28,250 --> 00:12:31,580 YOU CAN ALSO SEE THE LINE OF JUPITER THAT, IS 11 TIMES THE 239 00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:33,200 SIZE OF EARTH. 240 00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:38,220 UNTIL 2009 THIS IS A PICTURE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 241 00:12:38,220 --> 00:12:41,410 YOU CAN SEE WHERE WHEN MOST OF THE PLANETS FALL, THE HIGH UP. 242 00:12:41,410 --> 00:12:42,810 THEY'RE AT THE TOP OF THE GRAPH. 243 00:12:42,810 --> 00:12:46,240 THAT MEANS THAT THEY'RE THE SIZE OF JUPITER, THAT BIG THING. 244 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:47,470 SOME OF THEM ARE VERY CLOSE IN. 245 00:12:47,470 --> 00:12:49,810 THEY'RE HOT JUPITERS, THEY'RE NOTHING LIKE OUR OWN SOLAR 246 00:12:49,810 --> 00:12:50,910 SYSTEM. 247 00:12:50,910 --> 00:12:52,200 SOME ARE VERY FAR OUT. 248 00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:58,500 THEY'RE LIKE OUR OWN JUPITER WHICH IS FIVE TIME THE DISTANCE 249 00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:01,390 OF EARTH FROM THE SUN. 250 00:13:01,390 --> 00:13:04,170 AND THEN THERE WAS A HINT, IF YOU LOOK GOING INTO THE LOWER 251 00:13:04,170 --> 00:13:07,720 LEFT, THERE ARE SOME SMALLER PLANETS THERE, PERHAPS SOME 252 00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:14,080 NEPTUNE SIZE THINGS, MAYBE A FEW BIGGER THAN EARTH BUT VERY FEW. 253 00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:18,650 SO 2009 WE REALLY DIDN'T KNOW IS THERE SPECIAL, ARE THERE PLACES 254 00:13:18,650 --> 00:13:21,830 LIKE EARTH OUT THERE THAT WE HAVEN'T FOUND YET OR ARE THERE 255 00:13:21,830 --> 00:13:23,750 SIMPLY VERY FEW ROCKY PLAN -- 256 00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:26,000 PLANETS THAT WE KNOW OF? 257 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:31,000 THIS IS WHAT HAPPENED 2009 TO 2013. 258 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:35,620 THIS IS THE REVOLUTION OR UNDERSTANDING OF OUR PLACE IN 259 00:13:35,620 --> 00:13:36,990 THE UNIVERSE. 260 00:13:36,990 --> 00:13:39,990 WE SUDDENLY WENT FROM KNOWING THAT THERE'S NOT KNOWING OF 261 00:13:39,990 --> 00:13:43,040 ANYWHERE THAT LOOKS QUITE LIKE OUR OWN SYSTEM TO KNOWING THAT 262 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,120 THERE ARE PLACES THE SIZE OF EARTH EVERYWHERE. 263 00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:48,410 MOST OF THE STARS WITH YOU LOOK AT IN THE NIGHT SKY WILL HAVE 264 00:13:48,410 --> 00:13:49,450 PLANETS ORBITING THEM. 265 00:13:49,450 --> 00:13:50,450 ISN'T THAT INCREDIBLE? 266 00:13:50,450 --> 00:13:52,580 YOU THINK THERE ARE PLANETS OUT THERE. 267 00:13:52,580 --> 00:13:54,750 IT SHOULD HAVE BEEN ASSUMED. 268 00:13:54,750 --> 00:13:56,130 WHY SHOULD WE BE SPECIAL? 269 00:13:56,130 --> 00:13:59,380 HEY, WE HAVE LIFE AND LIFE IS PRETTY SPECIAL TO ME. 270 00:13:59,380 --> 00:14:02,190 SO THERE ARE PLANETS OUT THERE EVERYWHERE. 271 00:14:02,190 --> 00:14:07,580 SO EVEN MORE INCREDIBLY TO ME, THE MOST COLORFUL ONES ARE TWICE 272 00:14:07,580 --> 00:14:08,790 THE SIZE OF EARTH. 273 00:14:08,790 --> 00:14:12,790 THERE IS NOTHING LIKE THESE IN OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 274 00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:14,660 STUDYING THEM AND UNDERSTANDING THEM IS A REAL CHALLENGE. 275 00:14:14,660 --> 00:14:19,660 WE DON'T HAVE PROXIES OF THEM IN OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 276 00:14:19,660 --> 00:14:23,790 THIS IS THE SIMILAR PICTURE ON A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT SCALE. 277 00:14:23,790 --> 00:14:30,760 EARTH, REMEMBER, HAS ORBIT THE STAR EVERY 365 DAYS. 278 00:14:30,760 --> 00:14:32,690 ONE LINE HERE. 279 00:14:32,690 --> 00:14:35,650 SO WE'RE STARTING TO FIND TENTATIVE HINTS OR MAYBE EVEN 280 00:14:35,650 --> 00:14:38,070 CANDIDATES, NOT CONFIRMED PLANETS BUT CANDIDATE PLANETS 281 00:14:38,070 --> 00:14:41,160 THAT ARE THE SIZE OF EARTH AND ORBIT ON THE SAME ORBITAL 282 00:14:41,160 --> 00:14:42,560 PERIOD. 283 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:45,220 PERHAPS THERE ARE PLACES SIMILAR TO EARTH. 284 00:14:45,220 --> 00:14:49,490 NOW A GOOD QUESTION TO ASK IS WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT EARTH SO 285 00:14:49,490 --> 00:14:50,490 MUCH? 286 00:14:50,490 --> 00:14:51,490 WHAT IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT EARTH? 287 00:14:51,490 --> 00:14:55,510 WELL, AS SCIENTISTS, YOU SHOULDN'T TAKE A SAMPLE SIZE OF 288 00:14:55,510 --> 00:14:59,410 ONE WHICH IS ONE PLANET WE KNOW IS LIFE AND EXTRAPOLATE TO THE 289 00:14:59,410 --> 00:15:01,100 ENTIRE UNIVERSE. 290 00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:04,920 WE SHOULDN'T TAKE EARTH INTO OUR ONE SAMPLE AND SAY EVERYONE OUT 291 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:06,680 THERE SHOULD BE LIKE EARTH. 292 00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:09,160 BUT EARTH IS THE ONE PLACE WE KNOW WITH LIFE. 293 00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:12,680 SO IT SEEMS LIKE THE ONLY PLACE TO START IS TO LOOK FOR PLACE 294 00:15:12,680 --> 00:15:14,610 THAT'S REMIND US OF EARTH. 295 00:15:14,610 --> 00:15:16,750 SO WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT EARTH THAT WE THINK IS SPECIAL? 296 00:15:16,750 --> 00:15:21,310 ONE, IT HAS LIQUID WATER ON THE SURFACE. 297 00:15:21,310 --> 00:15:25,840 ALL LIFE WE KNOW OF ON EARTH REQUIRES LIQUID WATER AT SOME 298 00:15:25,840 --> 00:15:29,830 STAGE IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT TO LIVE. 299 00:15:29,830 --> 00:15:32,519 SO WE LOOK FOR OTHER PLANETS, WE LOOK FOR PLACE THAT'S CAN HOST 300 00:15:32,519 --> 00:15:34,010 LIQUID WATER. 301 00:15:34,010 --> 00:15:35,890 WE CALL THIS REGION THE HABITUAL ZONE. 302 00:15:35,890 --> 00:15:39,800 IT'S NOT TOO HOT THAT WATER WILL BOIL OFF AND PERHAPS YOU'LL HAVE 303 00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:42,000 A RUN AWAY GREEN HOUSE LIKE VENUS. 304 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:46,480 IT'S ALSO NOT TOO COLD THAT YOU'LL FREEZE OUT ALL THE WATER 305 00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:48,020 AND TURN INTO A GIANT SNOWBALL. 306 00:15:48,020 --> 00:15:49,050 IT'S JUST RIGHT. 307 00:15:49,050 --> 00:15:51,360 IT'S THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE. 308 00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:55,720 THE OTHER THING ABOUT EARTH IS THAT IT'S JUST THE RIGHT SIZE. 309 00:15:55,720 --> 00:16:00,480 IF YOU'RE TOO BIG, YOU HAVE HUGE ENVELOPES OF GAS AROUND YOU LIKE 310 00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:01,940 JUPITER. 311 00:16:01,940 --> 00:16:03,570 MOSTLY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM. 312 00:16:03,570 --> 00:16:05,290 HUGE AMOUNTS OF GAS THERE. 313 00:16:05,290 --> 00:16:10,000 AND WHILE MAYBE THERE ARE FLYING WHALES OR SOMETHING IN GIANT 314 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:13,560 PLANETS LIKE JUPITER, THERE IS NOTHING LIKE LIFE ON EARTH. 315 00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:16,550 SO THAT'S WHY WE LOOK FOR PLACES THAT ARE JUST THE RIGHT SIZE, 316 00:16:16,550 --> 00:16:17,820 SMALLER THAN JUPITER BUT BIGGER THAN MARS. 317 00:16:17,820 --> 00:16:19,790 MARS DOESN'T HAVE ANY LIFE. 318 00:16:19,790 --> 00:16:22,870 IT HAS A LITTLE ATMOSPHERE BUT NOT VERY MUCH. 319 00:16:22,870 --> 00:16:28,050 NOT ENOUGH TO RETAIN ANY LIQUID WATER, AT LEAST FOR A LONG TIME. 320 00:16:28,050 --> 00:16:30,560 SO EARTH IS THAT NICE REGION IN THE MIDDLE BETWEEN NOT BEING TOO 321 00:16:30,560 --> 00:16:32,790 BIG OR SMALL. 322 00:16:32,790 --> 00:16:41,180 SO IT IS WITH GREAT EXCITEMENT IN APRIL OF LAST YEAR THAT WE 323 00:16:41,180 --> 00:16:45,880 DETECTED THE FIRST PLANET THAT'S THE SIZE OF EARTH AND ORBITS IN 324 00:16:45,880 --> 00:16:51,120 THIS REGION CALLED THE HABITUAL ZONE OR GOLDILOCKS ZONE. 325 00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:53,260 THIS PLANET WAS KEPT FOR 186. 326 00:16:53,260 --> 00:16:56,740 IT'S ONE OF FIVE PLANETS ORBITTING A STAR THAT IS SMALLER 327 00:16:56,740 --> 00:17:00,600 AND COOLER THAN THE EARTH, SMALLER AND COOLER THAN THE SUN. 328 00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:02,630 WE CALL IT A DWARF STAR. 329 00:17:02,630 --> 00:17:08,470 SO THIS PLANET IS THE SAME SIZE AS EARTH. 330 00:17:08,470 --> 00:17:10,919 IT ORBITS IN THE HABITUAL ZONE. 331 00:17:10,919 --> 00:17:14,370 BUT THE FIRST TIME WE'VE KNOWN THERE ARE PLACES OUT THERE THAT 332 00:17:14,370 --> 00:17:17,149 MAYBE WITH THE RIGHT KIND OF ATMOSPHERE COULD HAVE LIQUID 333 00:17:17,149 --> 00:17:25,539 WATER ON THEIR SURFACE. 334 00:17:25,539 --> 00:17:29,230 THIS IS KIND OF A STORY OF WHERE WE'VE COME FROM WITH THIS. 335 00:17:29,230 --> 00:17:32,509 IT'S A RELATIVELY SHORT STORY GIVEN THE -- YOU KNOW, HOW LONG 336 00:17:32,509 --> 00:17:35,850 WE'VE BEEN AROUND AND HOW LONG HUMAN KIND WE'VE BEEN DOING 337 00:17:35,850 --> 00:17:36,850 SCIENCE. 338 00:17:36,850 --> 00:17:39,279 IT'S VERY SHORT THE HISTORY OF LEARNING ABOUT PLACES THAT 339 00:17:39,279 --> 00:17:41,010 REMIND US OF HOME. 340 00:17:41,010 --> 00:17:45,980 IN 2011, WE FOUND THE FIRST PLANET THAT WAS EARTH SIZE AND 341 00:17:45,980 --> 00:17:50,000 WAS ORBITING ANOTHER STAR LIKE THE SUN. 342 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:54,700 AND THEN IN LATER THAT YEAR, WE DISCOVERED THE FIRST PLANET IN 343 00:17:54,700 --> 00:17:55,740 THE HABITUAL ZONE. 344 00:17:55,740 --> 00:17:57,230 JUST A FEW YEARS AGO. 345 00:17:57,230 --> 00:18:02,649 JUST FOUR YEARS AGO WE FOUND 22-B FOR THE FIRST TIME ORBITING 346 00:18:02,649 --> 00:18:04,480 THE HABITUAL ZONE. 347 00:18:04,480 --> 00:18:06,210 PROBABLY MAYBE A WATER WORLD. 348 00:18:06,210 --> 00:18:10,420 MAYBE HAS SOME HYDROGEN AND HELIUM GAS. 349 00:18:10,420 --> 00:18:11,830 IT'S DIFFICULT TO TELL. 350 00:18:11,830 --> 00:18:17,400 IT CERTAINLY UNLIKE THE SIMILAR TO OUR ENVIRONMENT ON EARTH. 351 00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:20,299 AND THEN LAST YEAR WE FOUND 186-S. 352 00:18:20,299 --> 00:18:23,440 THAT WAS A BIG MOMENT, A BIG DISCOVERY. 353 00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:27,320 LATER THIS YEAR, EARLIER THIS YEAR IN JULY THIS YEAR, WE TOOK 354 00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:31,639 THE FIRST PLANET THAT APPROXIMATELY EARTH SIZE AND 355 00:18:31,639 --> 00:18:33,980 ORBIT A STAR LIKE THE SUN. 356 00:18:33,980 --> 00:18:38,629 THIS IS KEPLER 452-B. WE WERE VERY EXCITED AND SO WAS 357 00:18:38,629 --> 00:18:43,100 THE MEDIA AND REPORTED VERY HEAVILY. 358 00:18:43,100 --> 00:18:47,410 SO WHAT THE DIFFERENCE IS AND WHY WE'RE EXCITED ABOUT 452-B 359 00:18:47,410 --> 00:18:52,289 THIS IS THE PLANET ORBITING A STAR LIKE OUR SUN AND THE ONE I 360 00:18:52,289 --> 00:18:53,750 SHOWED YOU EARLIER. 361 00:18:53,750 --> 00:18:57,370 IT'S BECAUSE THEY ORBIT VERY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STARS AND 362 00:18:57,370 --> 00:19:01,500 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS, THIS IS A PLAN THAET IS A LITTLE BIT 363 00:19:01,500 --> 00:19:02,500 BIGGER THAN EARTH. 364 00:19:02,500 --> 00:19:03,690 IT'S ABOUT 60% BIGGER. 365 00:19:03,690 --> 00:19:09,309 IT ORBITS OUR EARTH LIKE THE SUN. 366 00:19:09,309 --> 00:19:12,149 NOW THEY'RE EARTH SIZE AND ORBITING IN THE HABITUAL ZONE. 367 00:19:12,149 --> 00:19:13,480 THAT IS WONDERFUL. 368 00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:15,259 THAT IS ABSOLUTELY AMAZING. 369 00:19:15,259 --> 00:19:16,259 NOW WE KNOW THAT. 370 00:19:16,259 --> 00:19:21,919 IN ARE ALSO PLACES LIKE 186-S THAT ARE THE HABITUAL ZONE OF 371 00:19:21,919 --> 00:19:22,919 SMALLER STARS. 372 00:19:22,919 --> 00:19:24,450 AND SMALLER STARS ARE VERY EXCITING. 373 00:19:24,450 --> 00:19:28,889 MOST OF OUR GALAXY IS MADE OF UP SMALL, COOL RED DWARFS. 374 00:19:28,889 --> 00:19:33,380 ABOUT 70% OF THE STARS IN OUR GALAXY ARE MADE OF SMALL STARS. 375 00:19:33,380 --> 00:19:36,299 SO IF WE'RE GOING TO LOOK FOR LIFE AND IF WE'RE GOING TO LOOK 376 00:19:36,299 --> 00:19:41,090 FOR PLACES OUT THERE, THE MOST COMMON PLANET, MOST COMMONPLACE 377 00:19:41,090 --> 00:19:45,490 TO HAVE WATER ARE GOING TO BE THESE PLANET ORBITING SMALL, 378 00:19:45,490 --> 00:19:47,159 COOL STARS. 379 00:19:47,159 --> 00:19:51,559 SO WE'VE GONE FROM KNOWING THAT THERE ARE PLANETS, OR PLANETS WE 380 00:19:51,559 --> 00:19:56,139 KNOW VERY LITTLE ABOUT THEM AND PLANETS EVERYWHERE. 381 00:19:56,139 --> 00:20:00,320 HOWEVER, MOST OF THE PLANETS FOUND BY THE MISSION ARE 382 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:01,640 RELATIVELY SMALL. 383 00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:03,640 RELATIVELY FAR AWAY. 384 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:05,860 AND DIFFICULT TO FOLLOW UP. 385 00:20:05,860 --> 00:20:08,019 SO NOW WE WANT TO BUILD A NEW MISSION. 386 00:20:08,019 --> 00:20:12,980 NASA'S NEXT BIG MISSION IS KNOWN AS TEST. 387 00:20:12,980 --> 00:20:16,700 NOW WE KNOW PLANETS ARE ORBITING MOST STARS. 388 00:20:16,700 --> 00:20:18,580 LET'S LOOK AT OUR NEAREST NEIGHBORS. 389 00:20:18,580 --> 00:20:20,090 LET'S LOOK AT STARS NEARBY. 390 00:20:20,090 --> 00:20:23,679 STARS WE CAN FOLLOW UP FROM THE GROUND AND FROM OTHER SPACE 391 00:20:23,679 --> 00:20:26,720 MISSIONS MUCH MORE EASILY THAN THE FAINT DISTANT STARS WE DID 392 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:28,480 WITH THIS ONE. 393 00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:30,909 THIS IS WHAT TEST IS GOING TO DO. 394 00:20:30,909 --> 00:20:33,700 IT WILL LAUNCH IN 2017. 395 00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:39,869 TO DEMONSTRATE THAT, LET ME SHOW WLAU IS BASICALLY A TOP DOWN 396 00:20:39,869 --> 00:20:43,749 VIEW WITH US IN THE CENTER AND THEN THE CIRCLES SHOWING YOU AS 397 00:20:43,749 --> 00:20:48,960 YOU ZOOM OUT OF OUR GALAXY, ZOOM OUT FROM US WHAT OUR LOCAL 398 00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:52,009 NEIGHBORHOOD STAR IS GOING TO BE LIKE AND HOW WE DETECT PLANETS. 399 00:20:52,009 --> 00:20:56,320 YOU'LL SEE SEVERAL DOTS THAT SHOW WHERE WE EXPECT TO SEE 400 00:20:56,320 --> 00:20:58,230 PLANETS FROM TESS. 401 00:20:58,230 --> 00:21:04,629 YOU SEE THEY'RE VERY DIFFERENT POPULATIONS. 402 00:21:04,629 --> 00:21:05,629 LET ME ZOOM OUT HERE. 403 00:21:05,629 --> 00:21:07,210 ALL THE RED DOTS ARE TESS. 404 00:21:07,210 --> 00:21:10,139 THESE ARE PLANETS WE'RE GOING TO FIND WITH THE FUTURE TELESCOPE, 405 00:21:10,139 --> 00:21:12,360 NEAREST NEIGHBORS, ONCE WE CAN FOLLOW EASILY. 406 00:21:12,360 --> 00:21:17,549 THEN YOU SEE THEY LOOKED AT ONE PART OF THE SKY. 407 00:21:17,549 --> 00:21:21,740 YOU SEE THAT CONE COMING OUT FROM THAT REGION FROM US. 408 00:21:21,740 --> 00:21:24,809 THEY FOUND ALL THE OTHER PLANETS. 409 00:21:24,809 --> 00:21:27,429 SO THERE ARE PLANETS EVERYWHERE. 410 00:21:27,429 --> 00:21:33,259 TESS IS GOING TO FIND THEM AND HOPEFULLY ONE DAY UNDERSTAND 411 00:21:33,259 --> 00:21:36,100 WHAT THEY'RE MADE OF. 412 00:21:36,100 --> 00:21:39,390 WE HAVE THIS BEAUTIFUL CONE GOING OUT INTO THE GALAXY. 413 00:21:39,390 --> 00:21:47,690 AND THEN ON THE FURTHER OUT ON THE LONGER TERM PROSPECT, WE 414 00:21:47,690 --> 00:21:51,450 DETECT PLANETS RIGHT NOW BY LOOKING FOR PROXY METHODS. 415 00:21:51,450 --> 00:21:55,259 WE LOOK FOR PLANETS BLOCKING STAR LIGHT, PRIMARILY NASA. 416 00:21:55,259 --> 00:22:00,679 BUT WHAT WE REALLY WANT TO DO IS IMAGE THE PLANETS THEMSELVES. 417 00:22:00,679 --> 00:22:01,999 DIRECTLY IMAGING OF PLANETS. 418 00:22:01,999 --> 00:22:05,470 THIS IS SOMETHING WE CAN DO FOR A SMALL NUMBER OF GIANT PLANETS 419 00:22:05,470 --> 00:22:07,360 RIGHT NOW. 420 00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:10,039 ONE DAY HOPEFULLY WHEN YOU KIDS ARE IN THE AUDIENCE AND MAYBE IN 421 00:22:10,039 --> 00:22:15,340 20 YEARS WE'LL BE ABLE TO IMAGE PLANETS ORBITING STARS ON THE 422 00:22:15,340 --> 00:22:17,540 EARTH SIDE AND PERHAPS IN THE HABITUAL ZONES. 423 00:22:17,540 --> 00:22:21,769 THIS IS AN IMAGE HERE SHOWING YOU HOW WE DIRECTLY IMAGE THE 424 00:22:21,769 --> 00:22:23,240 PLANET AND OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 425 00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:28,990 THIS IS TAKING AN IMAGE OF EARTH. 426 00:22:28,990 --> 00:22:29,990 THIS IS EARTH. 427 00:22:29,990 --> 00:22:34,500 THIS IS THE UPDATED IMAGE THAT WAS TAKEN A COUPLE YEARS AGO. 428 00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:39,119 SO WITH THIS DIRECT IMAGING OF OTHER PLANETS, WE CAN MUCH MORE 429 00:22:39,119 --> 00:22:42,679 EASILY SEE THE ATMOSPHERES AND UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON. 430 00:22:42,679 --> 00:22:44,059 THE TECHNOLOGY IS NOT THERE YET. 431 00:22:44,059 --> 00:22:46,509 I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO THE FUTURE HOPEFULLY BY THE END OF 432 00:22:46,509 --> 00:22:50,249 MY CAREER WHETHER WE START TO UNDERSTAND THESE. 433 00:22:50,249 --> 00:22:51,570 OKAY. 434 00:22:51,570 --> 00:22:55,529 WITH THAT, THANKS. 435 00:22:55,529 --> 00:22:58,820 [ APPLAUSE ] >> I'M SURE WE HAVE SOME 436 00:22:58,820 --> 00:23:05,090 QUESTIONS HERE IN THE AUDIENCE AND ALSO ON THE NASA NETWORK. 437 00:23:05,090 --> 00:23:08,870 IF ANYONE HERE HAS A QUESTION, PLEASE COME OVER AND KATIE IS 438 00:23:08,870 --> 00:23:10,010 GOING TO HELP HER WITH. 439 00:23:10,010 --> 00:23:14,340 THAT BUT WE'LL START WITH THE ONLINE QUESTIONS. 440 00:23:14,340 --> 00:23:17,710 THE ONLINE -- I READ IT, RIGHT? 441 00:23:17,710 --> 00:23:18,760 YEAH. 442 00:23:18,760 --> 00:23:20,059 WHY CAN'T I READ IT? 443 00:23:20,059 --> 00:23:23,879 WHAT FUTURE PROJECTS ARE GEARED TOWARD THE DISCOVERY OF MORE 444 00:23:23,879 --> 00:23:24,879 EXSO PLANETS? 445 00:23:24,879 --> 00:23:30,789 AND IS THE TELESCOPE ABLE TO DETECT PLANETARY TRANSITS? 446 00:23:30,789 --> 00:23:31,840 DUSTIN. 447 00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:36,740 >> I'LL ADDRESS THIS ONE A BIT. 448 00:23:36,740 --> 00:23:41,369 SO THE NEXT THING TO DETECT A PLAN SET ALL ABOUT FINDING OUR 449 00:23:41,369 --> 00:23:44,040 NEAREST NEIGHBORS AND FOLLOWING UP MUCH MORE EASILY. 450 00:23:44,040 --> 00:23:48,649 YOU'LL HEAR A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHY THESE PLAN RETS SPECIAL. 451 00:23:48,649 --> 00:23:52,580 JAMES WEBB, WHILE IT COULD DETECT TRANCE FIT WE WANTED TO, 452 00:23:52,580 --> 00:23:55,840 JAMES WEBB BUILT A VIEW WHERE IT LOOKS IS SMALL. 453 00:23:55,840 --> 00:23:59,190 REMEMBER I SAID TRANSIT, YOU NEED TO BE LINED UP JUST RIGHT. 454 00:23:59,190 --> 00:24:00,889 YOU NEED TO LOOK AT A LOT OF STARS. 455 00:24:00,889 --> 00:24:03,039 JAM WEBB, YOU DON'T LOOK AT A LOT OF STARS. 456 00:24:03,039 --> 00:24:04,669 YOU LOOK AT A FEW STARS. 457 00:24:04,669 --> 00:24:08,760 SO WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO IS FIND TRANSIT FROM USING THE 458 00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:09,760 TELESCOPE. 459 00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:13,490 WE'RE GOING TO FOLLOW THEM UP WITH JAMES WEBB TO TRY TO STUDY 460 00:24:13,490 --> 00:24:17,630 ATMOSPHERES, STUDY LIGHT REFLECTING OFF THESE PLANETS. 461 00:24:17,630 --> 00:24:21,110 PICK THE BEST PLANET AND USE JAMES WEBB TO LOOK AT THEM. 462 00:24:21,110 --> 00:24:23,409 JAMES WEBB IS ALL ABOUT FOLLOWING UP RATHER THAN 463 00:24:23,409 --> 00:24:27,580 DISCOVERY. 464 00:24:27,580 --> 00:24:29,500 >> WE HAVE ANOTHER ONLINE QUESTION. 465 00:24:29,500 --> 00:24:33,870 AND SO FAR NOBODY HERE HAS COME UP WITH A QUESTION. 466 00:24:33,870 --> 00:24:35,539 WHAT IS THAT QUESTION? 467 00:24:35,539 --> 00:24:39,690 WHAT MUST YOU STUDY TO BECOME A PERSON WHO STUDIES EXSO PLANETS? 468 00:24:39,690 --> 00:24:40,740 GEOLOGIST? 469 00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:48,330 I WANT TO FOLLOW THIS CAREER PATH. 470 00:24:48,330 --> 00:24:51,809 >> CAN YOU GO THROUGH A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CAREER PATHS TO GET 471 00:24:51,809 --> 00:24:54,009 TO THE STAGE THAT WE ARE RIGHT NOW. 472 00:24:54,009 --> 00:24:58,669 I STUDIED PLANETARY AND SPACE PSYCHICS AT UNIVERSITY. 473 00:24:58,669 --> 00:25:01,710 SO I DID KIND OF FOLLOW THE GEOLOGIST PATH ROUTE. 474 00:25:01,710 --> 00:25:03,330 LOTS OF PEOPLE CAN DO CIVICS. 475 00:25:03,330 --> 00:25:05,769 CAN YOU DO MATH. 476 00:25:05,769 --> 00:25:07,739 YOU CAN GO THROUGH ENGINEERING. 477 00:25:07,739 --> 00:25:09,360 FOLLOW THIS KIND OF CAREER PATH. 478 00:25:09,360 --> 00:25:13,200 REALLY KIND OF SELECT YOUR WAY THROUGH UNIVERSITY AND THROUGH 479 00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:19,129 SCHOOL TO DO THE SCIENCES AND TO DO THE CORE THINGS THAT WE 480 00:25:19,129 --> 00:25:20,129 STUDY. 481 00:25:20,129 --> 00:25:21,129 IT'S PHYSICS. 482 00:25:21,129 --> 00:25:22,129 IT'S CHEMISTRY. 483 00:25:22,129 --> 00:25:25,539 AND WITH THE BIOLOGY AS WE'RE DOING RIGHT NOW, SO WE'RE 484 00:25:25,539 --> 00:25:30,879 LOOKING AT METEORITES, HINTS AT LIFE, THAT'S DONE THROUGH 485 00:25:30,879 --> 00:25:31,879 BIOLOGY. 486 00:25:31,879 --> 00:25:35,700 SO ALL OF THE SCIENCES, MATHS AND ENGINEERING SUBJECTS ARE A 487 00:25:35,700 --> 00:25:41,070 PERFECT WAY TO PAVE YOU'RE FIELD TOWARDS THESE STUDIES. 488 00:25:41,070 --> 00:25:42,850 WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE MORE QUESTION. 489 00:25:42,850 --> 00:25:45,500 ONE FROM THE AUDIENCE, YES, SIR? 490 00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:46,500 >> HI. 491 00:25:46,500 --> 00:25:50,990 RECENTLY THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF NEWS ABOUT THIS POTENTIAL THING 492 00:25:50,990 --> 00:25:55,409 OR THE TRANSIT IN FRONT OF -- CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 493 00:25:55,409 --> 00:25:56,409 THAT? 494 00:25:56,409 --> 00:26:00,260 >> THE QUESTION IS ABOUT DYSON'S SPHERES. 495 00:26:00,260 --> 00:26:06,480 AND THE INFRARED DETECTABILITY OF VERY ADVANCE CIVILIZATIONS 496 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:12,669 THAT HAVE SOMEHOW DESTROYED PLANETARY MASSES AND DISTRIBUTED 497 00:26:12,669 --> 00:26:17,899 IT AROUND THE STARS, HOST STARS TO COLLECT ALL THE ENERGY FROM 498 00:26:17,899 --> 00:26:22,580 THAT STAR IN ORDER FOR THE CIVILIZATION TO SURVIVE. 499 00:26:22,580 --> 00:26:25,090 HAVE I DEPICTED IT CORRECTLY? 500 00:26:25,090 --> 00:26:27,429 WELL, YOU HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR THEM? 501 00:26:27,429 --> 00:26:28,530 >> SO, YEAH. 502 00:26:28,530 --> 00:26:33,330 IN THE NEWS RECENTLY -- WHAT WAS ANNOUNCED IS THE STRANGEST STAR 503 00:26:37,030 --> 00:26:34,330 IN OUR GALAXY. 504 00:26:37,030 --> 00:26:39,129 THIS IS AMONGST THE STRANGEST. 505 00:26:39,129 --> 00:26:42,309 WHAT WE SEE IS WE LOOK FOR TRANSITS. 506 00:26:42,309 --> 00:26:46,869 WHAT WE SAW IS A WHOLE BUNCH OF THINGS PASSING IN FRONT OF THE 507 00:26:46,869 --> 00:26:48,870 STAR AND THEN NOTHING. 508 00:26:48,870 --> 00:26:53,879 THEN 800 DAYS LATER, SOMETHING PASSED IN FRONT OF THE STAR. 509 00:26:53,879 --> 00:26:56,379 WE CAN'T EXPLAIN WHAT'S GOING ON. 510 00:26:56,379 --> 00:26:59,950 WE HAVE SOME IDEAS THAT IT PROPS COULD BE SOMETHING OR IT COULD 511 00:26:59,950 --> 00:27:02,419 HAVE BEEN TWO PLANETS THAT HIT EACH OTHER AND YOU SEE 512 00:27:02,419 --> 00:27:03,419 FRAGMENTS. 513 00:27:03,419 --> 00:27:05,480 IT'S NOT CLEAR YET. 514 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:08,289 THE REASON WHY THERE IS DISCUSSION OF DYSON SPHERES IS 515 00:27:08,289 --> 00:27:12,530 THE BASICALLY A WHOLE BUNCH OF DETECTORS OF PHOTO PANELS YOU 516 00:27:12,530 --> 00:27:16,019 PUT AROUND THE STAR IF YOU'RE WAY MORE ADVANCED THAN WE ARE. 517 00:27:16,019 --> 00:27:20,140 IT'S BECAUSE IT LOOKED A LITTLE BIT LIKE WHAT YOU MIGHT EXPECT 518 00:27:20,140 --> 00:27:21,140 THESE TO LOOK LIKE. 519 00:27:21,140 --> 00:27:23,610 I MEAN WE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT ALIEN WAS DO. 520 00:27:23,610 --> 00:27:26,590 BUT IF YOU NEED ENOUGH ENERGY, MAYBE YOU PUT THESE AROUND. 521 00:27:26,590 --> 00:27:31,730 SO ABSOLUTELY ALIENS IS THE LAST THING YOU SHOULD GO FOR. 522 00:27:31,730 --> 00:27:34,659 IF YOU RUN OUT OF THEORIES, THEN YOU MIGHT REACH TO ALIENS. 523 00:27:34,659 --> 00:27:38,649 JUST BECAUSE THAT'S WHAT IT MAY LOOK LIKE, IT ALSO LOOKS LIKE A 524 00:27:38,649 --> 00:27:41,190 BUNCH OF OTHER THINGS MAY LOOK LIKE AND ALMOST CERTAINLY GOING 525 00:27:41,190 --> 00:27:42,360 TO BE THOSE THINGS. 526 00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:45,460 THAT DOESN'T MEAN WE SHOULDN'T KEEP LOOKING. 527 00:27:45,460 --> 00:27:49,010 NONE OF US ARE IN THIS FIELD, I THINK, WITHOUT US WANTING TO ONE 528 00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:53,099 DAY DETECT LIFE ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE. 529 00:27:53,099 --> 00:27:56,340 >> THAT QUESTION IS A REALLY GOOD SEGUE TO OUR NEXT SPEAKER. 530 00:27:56,340 --> 00:28:03,009 AND NOW WE'RE GOING TO TURN TO HANNAH RUTH-WAKEFORD FROM 531 00:28:03,009 --> 00:28:10,679 ENGLAND AND SHE IS GOING TO BE TALKING A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT 532 00:28:10,679 --> 00:28:14,700 WHAT DO YOU DO WITH A PLANET ONCE YOU FOUND IT? 533 00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:16,919 >> GREAT, HI, EVERYBODY. 534 00:28:16,919 --> 00:28:22,129 I CURRENTLY WORK AT NASA'S SPACE FLIGHT CENTER IN MARYLAND. 535 00:28:22,129 --> 00:28:25,690 SO JUST OUTSIDE OF D.C. AND WHAT I'M DOING IS I'M 536 00:28:25,690 --> 00:28:29,390 LOOKING TO CHARACTERIZE THESE TYPES OF PLANETS USING THE 537 00:28:29,390 --> 00:28:31,179 HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE. 538 00:28:31,179 --> 00:28:36,759 WHAT I'M DOING IS LOOKINGVAPOR OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERES AND REALLY TRYING TO 539 00:28:36,759 --> 00:28:38,190 WORK OUT WHAT THEY MIGHT BE LIKE. 540 00:28:38,190 --> 00:28:42,350 SO I HAVE A COUPLE OF SLIDES TO SHOW YOU WHICH IS TAKING YOU 541 00:28:42,350 --> 00:28:45,940 THROUGH HOW WE DO THAT. 542 00:28:45,940 --> 00:28:52,539 HOW THAT INFORMS US WHAT THE PLANETS MIGHT BE LIKE. 543 00:28:52,539 --> 00:28:56,559 TOM SHOWED YOU THIS PICTURE HERE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANETS. 544 00:28:56,559 --> 00:28:59,850 THERE REALLY ARE VERY, VERY ALIEN PLANETS IN. 545 00:28:59,850 --> 00:29:03,759 THERE NOTHING LIKE WE'RE SEEING IN OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 546 00:29:03,759 --> 00:29:06,400 WHAT I'M GOING TO HIGHLIGHT IS THIS REGION OF PLANETS IN THE 547 00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:07,649 TOP CORNER. 548 00:29:07,649 --> 00:29:10,679 THESE ARE THE HOT JUPITERS. 549 00:29:10,679 --> 00:29:14,609 THEY'RE CALLED HOT JUPITERS BECAUSE THEY ARE THE SAME SIZE 550 00:29:14,609 --> 00:29:16,980 OR MASS AS JUPITER. 551 00:29:16,980 --> 00:29:23,191 BUT THEY ORBIT THE STARS 20 TIMES CLOSER TO THEM THAN THE 552 00:29:23,191 --> 00:29:25,359 EARTH DOES TO THE SUN. 553 00:29:25,359 --> 00:29:29,630 THAT'S ACTUALLY FOUR TIMES TO EIGHT TIMES CLOSER THAN EVEN 554 00:29:29,630 --> 00:29:31,440 MURCURY AND OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 555 00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:36,759 THEY HAVE INCREDIBLY HOT ATMOSPHERES. 556 00:29:36,759 --> 00:29:41,029 AND THE WAY THAT WE LOOK AT THESE ATMOSPHERES IS BY LOOKING 557 00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:43,660 AT THE STAR LIGHT THAT PASSES THROUGH THEM BEFORE IT REACHES 558 00:29:43,660 --> 00:29:44,660 US. 559 00:29:44,660 --> 00:29:48,720 SO BECAUSE THESE ARE SUCH ALIEN WORLDS, TO GET THEM YOUR HEAD A 560 00:29:48,720 --> 00:29:52,450 LITTLE BIT, IMAGINE WE SH RUFRPG THE EARTH DOWN TO THE SIDE OF A 561 00:29:52,450 --> 00:29:53,539 PEA. 562 00:29:53,539 --> 00:29:58,369 NOW ON THIS SCALE, LARGEST PLANET IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, 563 00:29:58,369 --> 00:30:01,570 JUPITER, WOULD BE ABOUT THE SIZE OF A LARGE ORANGE. 564 00:30:01,570 --> 00:30:06,480 THAT'S 11 TIMES THE WIDTH OF THE EARTH. 565 00:30:06,480 --> 00:30:10,039 THESE HOT JUPITERS, THESE PLANETS THAT WE'RE FINDING, 566 00:30:10,039 --> 00:30:13,690 WE'RE DISCOVERING, ORBITING VERY CLOSE TO THE STARS ARE ON 567 00:30:13,690 --> 00:30:17,379 AVERAGE 1 1/2 TIMES THE SIZE OF THAT. 568 00:30:17,379 --> 00:30:21,309 SO ABOUT THE SIZE OF A WATERMELON. 569 00:30:21,309 --> 00:30:25,389 SO THEY'RE VERY LARGE PLANETS ORBITING VERY CLOSE TO THEIR 570 00:30:25,389 --> 00:30:30,119 STARS AND THEIR ATMOSPHERES ARE BEING HEATED BY THEIR STARS. 571 00:30:30,119 --> 00:30:33,739 THEY'RE CONSTANTLY BOMBARDED WITH THE RADIATION FROM THE 572 00:30:33,739 --> 00:30:34,739 STAR. 573 00:30:34,739 --> 00:30:37,489 AND THEY'RE ACTUALLY HOTTER THAN SITTING UNDER THIS ENGINE OVER 574 00:30:37,489 --> 00:30:40,150 HERE AS IT TAKES OFF. 575 00:30:40,150 --> 00:30:43,700 THEY'RE INCREDIBLY HOT PLACES. 576 00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:47,419 NOW WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT THESE, WE'RE LOOKING AT THEM IN 577 00:30:47,419 --> 00:30:48,419 TRANSIT. 578 00:30:48,419 --> 00:30:51,450 SO BECAUSE THEY'RE PASSING IN FRONT OF THEIR STAR, WHAT WE CAN 579 00:30:51,450 --> 00:30:55,100 DETECT IS STAR LIGHT THAT HAS SHOWN THROUGH THAT ATMOSPHERE 580 00:30:55,100 --> 00:30:56,779 BEFORE IT REACHES US. 581 00:30:56,779 --> 00:30:59,139 AND WE SEE SOMETHING LIKE THIS ON THE EARTH. 582 00:30:59,139 --> 00:31:02,419 THIS IS AN IMAGE TAKEN FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION IN 583 00:31:02,419 --> 00:31:04,059 ORBIT AROUND OUR PLANET. 584 00:31:04,059 --> 00:31:07,260 AND IT IS ABLE TO LOOK THROUGH THE EDGE OF THE EARTH'S 585 00:31:07,260 --> 00:31:08,260 ATMOSPHERE. 586 00:31:08,260 --> 00:31:09,700 AND THAT'S WHAT YOU'RE SEEING HERE. 587 00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:12,691 IF YOU LOOK THROUGH THE EDGE OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE, YOU CAN 588 00:31:12,691 --> 00:31:15,389 SEE THE STAR LIGHT WHICH IS PASSED THROUGH IT BEFORE 589 00:31:15,389 --> 00:31:17,669 REACHING THE CAMERA. 590 00:31:17,669 --> 00:31:20,970 AND WE ARE DOING THE SAME THING WITH THESE ALIEN PLANETS. 591 00:31:20,970 --> 00:31:24,169 WE'RE LOOKING FOR THAT VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF STAR LIGHT WHICH 592 00:31:24,169 --> 00:31:29,029 PASSED THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE BEFORE IT REACHES OUR TELESCOPE. 593 00:31:29,029 --> 00:31:34,710 AND TO PUT THIS ON SCALE, THIS IS A SCALE DIAGRAM OF A STAR 594 00:31:34,710 --> 00:31:38,899 THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT AND A HOT JUPITER, A REALLY BIG PLANET 595 00:31:38,899 --> 00:31:43,340 ORBITING IT AND AROUND THAT BLACK CIRCLE IS A BLUE 596 00:31:43,340 --> 00:31:47,889 ATMOSPHERE TO SCALE OF WHAT WE'RE ABLE TO IMAGE. 597 00:31:47,889 --> 00:31:50,470 YOU CAN VERY, VERY, BARELY SEE THAT. 598 00:31:50,470 --> 00:31:53,860 BUT WE'RE ABLE TO DETECT THE LIGHT THAT HAS PASSED THROUGH 599 00:31:53,860 --> 00:31:57,259 THIS VERY, VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF ATMOSPHERE COMPARED TO THE SIZE 600 00:31:57,259 --> 00:31:59,649 OF THE PLANET. 601 00:31:59,649 --> 00:32:02,690 AND THE WAY THAT WE DO THAT IS IN THE TRANSIT. 602 00:32:02,690 --> 00:32:07,629 AND WHAT WE DO IS WE BREAK UP THAT TRANSIT LIGHT THAT, LIGHT 603 00:32:07,629 --> 00:32:11,009 FROM THE STAR INTO ALL OF ITS DIFFERENT COLORS. 604 00:32:11,009 --> 00:32:13,840 IF WE BREAK UP THOSE -- THAT LIGHT INTO THE DIFFERENT COLORS, 605 00:32:13,840 --> 00:32:18,019 IF WE JUST VIEW IT IN THE BLUE, WE GET A MEASUREMENT OF THE 606 00:32:18,019 --> 00:32:21,460 AMOUNT OF LIGHT BEING BLOCKED OUT BY THAT PLANET. 607 00:32:21,460 --> 00:32:26,399 IF WE THEN MEASURE IT ACROSS ALL OF THE DIFFERENT COLORS, THE 608 00:32:26,399 --> 00:32:33,669 GREEN, ORANGE, RED, WE CAN BUILD UP A PICTURE OF HOW THE SIZE, 609 00:32:33,669 --> 00:32:38,179 THE RELATIVE SIZE OF WHAT WE'RE SEEING OF THE PLANET IS CHANGING 610 00:32:38,179 --> 00:32:41,210 BECAUSE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE, DIFFERENT THINGS IN 611 00:32:41,210 --> 00:32:46,429 THE ATMOSPHERE LIKE WATER VAPOR OR HERE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ARE 612 00:32:46,429 --> 00:32:48,970 BLOCKING OUT THAT LIGHT. 613 00:32:48,970 --> 00:32:51,749 SO IF THEY'RE BLOCKING OUT THAT LIGHT IN THE ATMOSPHERE, IT 614 00:32:51,749 --> 00:32:54,590 LOOKS LIKE IT'S BIGGER. 615 00:32:54,590 --> 00:32:58,359 SO IF WE BUILD UP THIS PICTURE OF THESE PLANETS OVER THESE 616 00:32:58,359 --> 00:33:02,230 DIFFERENT COLORS, WE CAN GET AN IDEA OF WHAT IS IN THE 617 00:33:02,230 --> 00:33:05,529 ATMOSPHERE ABSORBING THAT LIGHT. 618 00:33:05,529 --> 00:33:08,869 SO WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE, LOTS OF 619 00:33:08,869 --> 00:33:13,409 BEAUTIFUL WATER VAPOR CLOUDS, THAT WATER VAPOR BLOCKS THE 620 00:33:13,409 --> 00:33:18,269 SUN'S LIGHT DOWN TO THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH HERE JUST BEYOND 621 00:33:18,269 --> 00:33:20,359 THE RED PART OF WHAT OUR EYES CAN SEE. 622 00:33:20,359 --> 00:33:24,629 SO IF WE LOOK AT THESE PLANETS IN THAT REGION, JUST BEYOND THAT 623 00:33:24,629 --> 00:33:28,809 RED PART OF WHAT OUR EYES CAN SEE, AND WE SEE THAT PLANET 624 00:33:28,809 --> 00:33:33,169 APPEARS TO BE BIGGER, THEN WE CAN DETERMINE THAT THERE IS 625 00:33:33,169 --> 00:33:36,889 WATER VAPOR IN THAT PLANET'S ATMOSPHERE BLOCKING THAT 626 00:33:36,889 --> 00:33:39,450 SUNLIGHT, THAT STAR LIGHT FROM US. 627 00:33:39,450 --> 00:33:43,970 SO THIS IS AN IDEA OF WHAT DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANETS MAY 628 00:33:43,970 --> 00:33:47,479 HAVE IN THEIR ATMOSPHERE ACROSS THE OPTICAL AND INTO THIS 629 00:33:47,479 --> 00:33:51,359 INFRARED REGION WHERE THIS WATER VAPOR AND YOU CAN SEE ON THE 630 00:33:51,359 --> 00:33:57,899 VERY, VERY HOT PLANETS IS BLOCKING THIS LIGHT. 631 00:33:57,899 --> 00:34:02,259 AND WE'RE ABLE TO DETECT THESE DIFFERENT MODULES FROM THE 632 00:34:02,259 --> 00:34:04,549 ATMOSPHERE BY HOW MUCH LIGHT THEY'RE BLOCKING AND WHERE 633 00:34:04,549 --> 00:34:06,980 THEY'RE BLOCKING IT. 634 00:34:06,980 --> 00:34:13,280 NOW I'VE GOT SOME EXAMPLES HERE OF A SIMULATED SUNSET IN THE 635 00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:15,780 ATMOSPHERE, ONE OF THE HOT JUPITERS. 636 00:34:15,780 --> 00:34:19,200 THIS IS WHAT THE SUNSET WOULD LOOK LIKE FROM THIS PLANET. 637 00:34:19,200 --> 00:34:22,440 BECAUSE WE MEASURED WHAT THE DIFFERENCE THINGS IN THE 638 00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:25,520 ATMOSPHERE ARE THAT ARE BLOCKING THAT LIGHT. 639 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:28,490 AND THIS IS THE MEASUREMENT THAT WE'VE TAKEN WITH THE HUBBLE 640 00:34:28,490 --> 00:34:30,270 SPACE TELESCOPE. 641 00:34:30,270 --> 00:34:33,539 AND THIS SHOWS US THAT IT IS SCATTERING LOTS OF BLUE LIGHT 642 00:34:33,539 --> 00:34:35,720 JUST LIKE THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE DOES. 643 00:34:35,720 --> 00:34:38,679 IT'S SCATTERING LOTS OF LIGHT, THEN IT'S GOING TO APPEAR VERY 644 00:34:38,679 --> 00:34:41,149 RED IN SUNSET. 645 00:34:41,149 --> 00:34:44,971 AND IT'S MUCH, MUCH BIGGER THAN THE EARTH'S SUNSET WHICH YOU CAN 646 00:34:44,971 --> 00:34:48,470 SEE IN THE BOTTOM CORNER BECAUSE IT IS SO MUCH CLOSER TO THE 647 00:34:48,470 --> 00:34:49,470 STAR. 648 00:34:49,470 --> 00:34:53,200 THE CLOSER IT, IS THE BIGGER THE STAR APPEARS TO BE IN ITS SKY. 649 00:34:53,200 --> 00:34:57,289 SO YOU CAN SEE ALL OF THE COLORS OF THE SUNSET ACROSS THE DISK OF 650 00:34:57,289 --> 00:35:00,100 THE STAR BECAUSE IT'S SO CLOSE. 651 00:35:00,100 --> 00:35:04,130 BUT HERE ARE REALLY ALIEN SUNSET. 652 00:35:04,130 --> 00:35:09,349 THIS IS A SUNSET ON A PLANET CALLED HG 209458 B. 653 00:35:09,349 --> 00:35:12,859 VERY FANCY NAME. 654 00:35:12,859 --> 00:35:17,490 THIS IS A VERY ALIEN GREEN SUNSET BECAUSE IT'S GOT LOTS OF 655 00:35:17,490 --> 00:35:19,910 SODIUM IN ITS ATMOSPHERE. 656 00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:22,710 THE SODIUM STREET LAMP YOU SEE OUTSIDE ARE ORANGE. 657 00:35:22,710 --> 00:35:25,150 THIS HAS GOT SODIUM IN THE ATMOSPHERE, IT'S BLOCKING OUT 658 00:35:25,150 --> 00:35:26,150 THOSE COLORS. 659 00:35:26,150 --> 00:35:29,430 SO IF IT IS ABSORBING THE COLORS, YOU'LL SEE ALL OF THE 660 00:35:29,430 --> 00:35:31,099 OTHER COLORS. 661 00:35:31,099 --> 00:35:34,150 YOU'RE GOING TO BE SEEING THESE BLUES AND THESE GREENS. 662 00:35:34,150 --> 00:35:38,970 AND, AGAIN, THE EARTH'S SUNSET IN THE CORNER THERE TO SCALE. 663 00:35:38,970 --> 00:35:42,210 AND ANOTHER REALLY STRANGE PLANET THAT WE LOOK AT THIS IS 664 00:35:42,210 --> 00:35:47,720 WHAT IS 12-B AND IT ORBITS THE STAR IN JUST OVER A DAY. 665 00:35:47,720 --> 00:35:52,610 THE YEAR JUST A BIT LONGER THAN OUR DAYS HERE ON EARTH. 666 00:35:52,610 --> 00:35:54,690 IT'S VERY CLOSE TO ITS STAR. 667 00:35:54,690 --> 00:35:57,819 YOU CAN SEE IT MUCH, MUCH BIGGER IN THE SKY. 668 00:35:57,819 --> 00:35:59,960 IT'S GOT A VERY GRAY SUNSET. 669 00:35:59,960 --> 00:36:02,470 IT'S A VERY CLOUDY PLANET. 670 00:36:02,470 --> 00:36:07,250 LOTS OF VERY, VERY HOT MOLTEN MATERIAL IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 671 00:36:07,250 --> 00:36:09,780 WHICH IS SCATTERING ALL DIFFERENT COLORS OF LIGHT. 672 00:36:09,780 --> 00:36:16,290 SO IT BE A VERY GRAY SCALE SUNSET. 673 00:36:16,290 --> 00:36:20,570 THESE ARE THE ACTUAL DATA POINTS THAT WE'RE GETTING FROM HUBBLE. 674 00:36:20,570 --> 00:36:25,089 SO LET'S GO BACK TO OUR FRUIT BASKET OF PLANETS. 675 00:36:25,089 --> 00:36:28,980 WE WANT TO BE LOOKING AT THESE EARTH LIKE PLANETS AND TALKING 676 00:36:28,980 --> 00:36:33,760 ABOUT THESE PLANETS WHICH ARE TWO-TIME THE SIZE OF THE EARTH. 677 00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:36,490 SO OUR LITTLE BLUE PLANET. 678 00:36:36,490 --> 00:36:40,450 WE'RE DETECTING THE OTHER PLANETS WE DON'T SEE IN THE 679 00:36:40,450 --> 00:36:41,450 SOLAR SYSTEM. 680 00:36:41,450 --> 00:36:46,620 THE NEPTUNE 4 EARTH SIZE PLANETS AND SMALLER. 681 00:36:46,620 --> 00:36:50,000 AND THESE KIND OF GO UP TO ABOUT THE SIZE OF AN APPLE. 682 00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:53,460 SO THIS IS OUR FAMILY OF PLANETS THAT WE'RE DISCOVERING IN OUR 683 00:36:53,460 --> 00:36:54,830 GALAXY. 684 00:36:54,830 --> 00:36:59,340 THESE EARTH SIZE ONES TO THESE SUPER EARTHS, THE TWO-TIME THE 685 00:36:59,340 --> 00:37:04,619 SIZE TO SIX TIMES THE SIZE AND THEN THESE JUPITERS AND HOT 686 00:37:04,619 --> 00:37:05,619 JUPITERS. 687 00:37:05,619 --> 00:37:09,340 IT'S A HUGE RANGE OF PLANETS OUT THERE THAT ARE NOTHING LIKE WHAT 688 00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,569 WE'VE GOT AT HOME. 689 00:37:11,569 --> 00:37:13,700 WHEN WE'VE GOT PLANETS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, WE CAN THROW 690 00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:14,700 THINGS AT THEM. 691 00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:18,020 AND THAT'S WHAT WE'RE FANTASTIC AT DOING. 692 00:37:18,020 --> 00:37:19,020 SEE WHAT WE CAN GET. 693 00:37:19,020 --> 00:37:20,640 WE CAN'T DO THAT WITH THESE. 694 00:37:20,640 --> 00:37:22,430 SO WE HAVE TO LOOK. 695 00:37:22,430 --> 00:37:26,240 WHAT WOULD WE EXPECT LIFE TO BE? 696 00:37:26,240 --> 00:37:30,170 WHAT IN THE ATMOSPHERE IS GOING TO TELL US THAT THERE'S LIFE? 697 00:37:30,170 --> 00:37:33,040 AND WE'RE LOOKING AT THESE HOT JUPITERS WHERE WE GOT A HUGE 698 00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:37,230 EXTENSION OF THE ATMOSPHERE DOWN TO THE SUPER EARTHS. 699 00:37:37,230 --> 00:37:38,579 THEY'RE MUCH SMALLER. 700 00:37:38,579 --> 00:37:41,289 THERE SEARCH LESS ATMOSPHERE. 701 00:37:41,289 --> 00:37:45,530 SO IT'S MUCH, MUCH HARDER TO DO BECAUSE LESS LIGHT IS ABLE TO 702 00:37:45,530 --> 00:37:49,480 PASS THROUGH THAT ATMOSPHERE COMPARED TO THE REALLY, REALLY 703 00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:51,569 EXPANDED PLANETS. 704 00:37:51,569 --> 00:37:54,640 SO WE'VE GOT ALL OF THESE TELESCOPES AT OUR DISPOSAL. 705 00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:57,530 IN THE FUTURE, TECH WILL FIND US MORE AND MORE PLANETS THAT WE 706 00:37:57,530 --> 00:38:00,780 CAN FOLLOW UP AS TOM SAID AND JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE IS 707 00:38:00,780 --> 00:38:02,420 GOING TO ALLOW US TO CHARACTERIZE THEM. 708 00:38:02,420 --> 00:38:04,920 LOOK AT THAT ATMOSPHERE. 709 00:38:04,920 --> 00:38:07,750 SEE WHAT THEY MIGHT BE MADE UP OF. 710 00:38:07,750 --> 00:38:13,119 SO, BACK TO OUR OLD VOYAGER 2 PALE BLUE DOT. 711 00:38:13,119 --> 00:38:17,210 THIS IS WHAT THE EARTH LOOKS LIKE FROM AFAR. 712 00:38:17,210 --> 00:38:21,020 SUSPENDED IN A SUNBEAM ON A PILE OF DUST. 713 00:38:21,020 --> 00:38:24,830 IF WE WERE TO LOOK AT WHAT THE SPECTRUM IS LIKE, LOOK AT WHAT 714 00:38:24,830 --> 00:38:28,750 THE ABSORPTION, WHAT THINGS ARE BLOCKING THAT LIGHT FOR THE 715 00:38:28,750 --> 00:38:32,770 EARTH, WE SEE SOMETHING VERY MUCH LIKE THIS. 716 00:38:32,770 --> 00:38:35,280 WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? 717 00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:39,140 WE OUGHT TO KNOW WHAT EACH OF THOSE DIFFERENT LINES MEAN. 718 00:38:39,140 --> 00:38:41,130 WHAT IS BLOCKING THAT LIGHT? 719 00:38:41,130 --> 00:38:45,210 YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE LOTS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE 720 00:38:45,210 --> 00:38:48,250 ATMOSPHERE. 721 00:38:48,250 --> 00:38:54,369 SO THIS VEGETATION CAUSES A VERY SPECIFIC WAVE LENGTHS, COLOR 722 00:38:54,369 --> 00:38:56,619 SIGNATURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 723 00:38:56,619 --> 00:39:01,460 THE OZONE AND OXYGEN AND THE AMOUNT OF WATER VAPOR WE HAVE IN 724 00:39:01,460 --> 00:39:05,690 OUR ATMOSPHERE AND THERE IS ME SAYING I'M OUTGASSING FROM 725 00:39:05,690 --> 00:39:09,410 VOLCANOS. 726 00:39:09,410 --> 00:39:14,000 SEE IF WE CAN FIND INDICATORS FOR A BALANCE AND OFF BALANCE SO 727 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,290 WE PRODUCE AND THEY PRODUCE A LOT OF THINGS. 728 00:39:17,290 --> 00:39:23,050 THAT IS NOT EQUAL TO WHAT WOULD NATURALLY BE THERE. 729 00:39:23,050 --> 00:39:28,020 SO WE CAN LOOK FOR THE CHANGES, THESE THINGS THAT ARE NOT IN 730 00:39:28,020 --> 00:39:29,020 BALANCE. 731 00:39:29,020 --> 00:39:32,270 AND WHAT KIND OF LIFE ARE WE TALKING ABOUT. 732 00:39:32,270 --> 00:39:35,020 LIFE IS INCREDIBLY RESILIENT. 733 00:39:35,020 --> 00:39:40,760 IT WILL TRY AND TRY AND TRY WHEREVER IT CAN TO EXIST. 734 00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:45,190 THE TYPE OF LIFE WE'LL BE TALKING ABOUT IS THESE EXTREME 735 00:39:45,190 --> 00:39:46,190 FILES. 736 00:39:46,190 --> 00:39:49,480 THESE THINGS THAT LIVE IN THE WORST AND MOST HARSHEST PLACES 737 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:50,480 YOU CAN IMAGINE. 738 00:39:50,480 --> 00:39:54,210 THEY LIVE IN VERY, VERY SALTY PLACES. 739 00:39:54,210 --> 00:39:59,430 THEY LIVE IN VERY, VERY HOT PLACES, COLD PLACES, UNDERWATER 740 00:39:59,430 --> 00:40:02,309 AND IN PRESSURE ENVIRONMENTS. 741 00:40:02,309 --> 00:40:07,280 THIS IS FULL IN ANARCTICA. 742 00:40:07,280 --> 00:40:13,859 THIS IS BECAUSE SUBSURFACE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL IS BEING 743 00:40:13,859 --> 00:40:19,109 GROWING UNDERNEATH THE ICE AND THEN IS PUSHED OUT TO DIFFERENT 744 00:40:19,109 --> 00:40:20,109 COLORS. 745 00:40:20,109 --> 00:40:21,690 IT'S A DIFFERENT TYPE OF LIFE THAN WHAT WE EXPECT. 746 00:40:21,690 --> 00:40:26,109 THERE IS THIS ONE REALLY SPECIAL ONE CALLED THE HARD TO GRADE. 747 00:40:26,109 --> 00:40:29,609 THE WATER THERE AND IF HE WERE THIS SIZE, IT WOULD BE 748 00:40:29,609 --> 00:40:30,779 ABSOLUTELY TERRIFYING. 749 00:40:30,779 --> 00:40:32,990 HE IS INCREDIBLY TINY. 750 00:40:32,990 --> 00:40:34,609 INCREDIBLY TINY. 751 00:40:34,609 --> 00:40:41,480 BUT HE IS AN ORGANISM WHICH CAN SURVIVE EVEN IN SPACE. 752 00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:45,350 AND THEY HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO LAST TEN DAYS IN HIBERNATION IN 753 00:40:45,350 --> 00:40:46,619 SPACE. 754 00:40:46,619 --> 00:40:51,180 THESE TYPES OF -- THIS TYPE OF LIFE IS INCREDIBLY RESILIENT. 755 00:40:51,180 --> 00:40:55,819 AND THIS IS WHAT WE MIGHT BE TALKING ABOUT. 756 00:40:55,819 --> 00:40:59,690 SO WE REALLY JUST NEED TO IMAGINE ONE OF THE DIFFERENT 757 00:40:59,690 --> 00:41:03,849 PLACES LIFE MIGHT THRIVE, WHERE MIGHT WE WANT TO EXPLORE NEXT? 758 00:41:03,849 --> 00:41:11,359 WE HAVE BEAUTIFUL TRAVEL POSTERS TO MARS, TITAN, THE LARGEST MOON 759 00:41:11,359 --> 00:41:14,299 AROUND SATURN HAS A HUGE ATMOSPHERE. 760 00:41:14,299 --> 00:41:17,319 IT HAS A NICE THICK ATMOSPHERE WHERE IF YOU SLAPPED YOUR ARM 761 00:41:17,319 --> 00:41:25,829 YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO FLY. 762 00:41:25,829 --> 00:41:29,680 THESE TYPE OF VERY STRANGE ORGANISMS MIGHT BE THERE. 763 00:41:29,680 --> 00:41:31,650 WE JUST DON'T KNOW. 764 00:41:31,650 --> 00:41:35,350 BUT THEN ALSO THINK ABOUT THESE EXSO PLANETS WE'RE DISCOVERING. 765 00:41:35,350 --> 00:41:39,779 THINK ABOUT THE ALIEN WORLDS, WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THE 766 00:41:39,779 --> 00:41:42,930 ATMOSPHERES AND WHERE WE MIGHT BE GOING IN THE FUTURE. 767 00:41:42,930 --> 00:41:47,089 SOME YOU MIGHT BE ONES THAT ARE HERE TO DISCOVER THAT EXSO EARTH 768 00:41:47,089 --> 00:41:49,890 AND SOME OF YOU MIGHT BE THE ONES THAT ARE ABLE TO BUILD US 769 00:41:49,890 --> 00:41:54,119 THE INSTRUMENTS AND THE SHIPS SO THAT WE CAN ACTUALLY LIVE OUT 770 00:41:54,119 --> 00:41:55,950 THESE TRAVEL POSTER IDEAS. 771 00:41:55,950 --> 00:41:59,369 BUT WE NEED THE FUTURE AND WE NEED THE ENGINEERS AND THE 772 00:41:59,369 --> 00:42:02,640 SCIENTISTS TO BE WORKING ON THIS. 773 00:42:02,640 --> 00:42:06,029 AND THERE'S SO MANY THINGS THAT WE CAN ANSWER ABOUT OURSELVES 774 00:42:06,029 --> 00:42:07,960 AND ABOUT OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 775 00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:09,109 SO THANK YOU. 776 00:42:09,109 --> 00:42:13,170 ANY QUESTIONS? 777 00:42:13,170 --> 00:42:19,401 [ APPLAUSE ] >> I'D LIKE TO START WITH 778 00:42:19,401 --> 00:42:25,579 DIALOGUE OR MAYBE A TRIALOGUE BETWEEN THE THREE OF US ABOUT 779 00:42:25,579 --> 00:42:28,780 THIS INCREDIBLE SET OF PERSPECTIVES. 780 00:42:28,780 --> 00:42:34,740 I MEAN, 20 YEARS AGO WE COULDN'T HAVE POSSIBLY HAD THIS 781 00:42:34,740 --> 00:42:37,020 CONVERSATION. 782 00:42:37,020 --> 00:42:41,559 AND WHAT WAS IT THAT MADE A DIFFERENCE? 783 00:42:41,559 --> 00:42:47,579 NOT ONLY IN DETECTING PLANETS BUT IN CHARACTERIZING PLANETS OR 784 00:42:47,579 --> 00:42:51,589 BEING ABLE TO CHARACTERIZE THE ENVIRONMENTS FOR LIFE. 785 00:42:51,589 --> 00:42:59,940 AND I'M JUST WONDERING FROM BOTH OF YOU AS YOU TRAIN AS STUDENTS 786 00:42:59,940 --> 00:43:05,570 AND SCHOLARS, WHAT WAS IT THAT EXCITED YOU MOST SAYING YOU CAN 787 00:43:05,570 --> 00:43:08,300 MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO THIS FIELD? 788 00:43:08,300 --> 00:43:10,980 NOW SO IT'S SORT OF A COMPLEX QUESTION. 789 00:43:10,980 --> 00:43:13,980 WHY COULDN'T YOU DO IT MORE THAN 20 YEARS AGO? 790 00:43:13,980 --> 00:43:16,660 WHAT HAPPENED IN THE LAST 20 YEARS THAT CHANGED THINGS? 791 00:43:16,660 --> 00:43:20,900 I KNOW ASTRONOMERS HAVE BEEN TRYING TO FIND PLANETS AROUND 792 00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:25,130 OTHER STARS FOR MUCH MORE THAN 20 YEARS. 793 00:43:25,130 --> 00:43:28,000 AND I KNOW FOR SURE THAT THEY THOUGHT THAT THEY HAD FOUND A 794 00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:30,589 FEW PLANETS BY 1950. 795 00:43:30,589 --> 00:43:34,390 AND, YET, ALL OF THOSE PLANETS THAT THEY THOUGHT THEY FOUND 796 00:43:34,390 --> 00:43:38,119 ONLY TWO OF THEM, OF COURSE, AT THAT TIME, THEY DIDN'T TURN OUT 797 00:43:38,119 --> 00:43:39,980 TO BE REAL. 798 00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:42,210 AND NOW WE HAVE THOUSANDS. 799 00:43:42,210 --> 00:43:43,460 WHAT HAPPENED IN THE LAST 20 YEARS? 800 00:43:43,460 --> 00:43:49,529 >> WELL, 20 YEARS AGO I WOULDN'T HAVE DONE THIS BECAUSE I WOULD 801 00:43:49,529 --> 00:43:51,210 HAVE BEEN IN FIRST GRADE. 802 00:43:51,210 --> 00:43:54,690 BUT WHAT'S HAPPENED IS SCIENCE FICTION IS NOW FACT. 803 00:43:54,690 --> 00:43:56,660 WE DIDN'T HAVE THE PLANETS BEFORE. 804 00:43:56,660 --> 00:43:59,380 WE DIDN'T HAVE -- IN FACT, THEY DIDN'T COME UP WITH HOT 805 00:43:59,380 --> 00:44:00,380 JUPITERS. 806 00:44:00,380 --> 00:44:03,890 THEY WERE SO STRANGE. 807 00:44:03,890 --> 00:44:09,619 WE'VE BEEN DISCOVERING THESE AND DISCOVERING WHAT IMAGINATION CAN 808 00:44:09,619 --> 00:44:12,119 STRETCH TO AT THE SAME TIME. 809 00:44:12,119 --> 00:44:15,960 SO WHEN I WAS DOING MY STUDIES, I DIDN'T EVEN KNOW ABOUT EXSO 810 00:44:15,960 --> 00:44:17,400 PLANETS IN HIGH SCHOOL. 811 00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:21,490 IT WASN'T PART OF THE CURRICULUM AT ALL. 812 00:44:21,490 --> 00:44:24,940 AND NOW IT S EVERY SINGLE CHILD IS BEING BORN IS BORN INTO A 813 00:44:24,940 --> 00:44:27,520 WORLD WHERE THESE PLANETS ARE KNOWN AND THEY EXIST. 814 00:44:27,520 --> 00:44:31,470 AND THAT DIDN'T HAPPEN 20 YEARS AGO. 815 00:44:31,470 --> 00:44:35,230 AND THEY'RE BEING TAUGHT, AND THAT IS SO IMPORTANT, IT'S SO 816 00:44:35,230 --> 00:44:38,180 IMPORTANT THAT THEY ARE BEING TAUGHT IN SCHOOLS AND PEOPLE 817 00:44:38,180 --> 00:44:42,180 KNOW THAT, YOU KNOW, WE CAN PLACE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, WE'RE 818 00:44:42,180 --> 00:44:43,180 TRYING. 819 00:44:43,180 --> 00:44:45,800 TO WE'RE TRYING TO ANSWER THE BIG QUESTIONS AND SCIENCE IS 820 00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:49,599 ACTUALLY ABLE AND IN A PLACE WHERE IT CAN ACTUALLY CONTRIBUTE 821 00:44:49,599 --> 00:44:50,849 TO THAT. 822 00:44:50,849 --> 00:44:55,230 SO AS I WAS COMING THROUGH UNIVERSITY, I WENT THAT'S REALLY 823 00:44:55,230 --> 00:44:56,230 COOL. 824 00:44:56,230 --> 00:44:58,450 I CAN ACTUALLY DO WHAT THEY DO ON SCIENCE FICTION. 825 00:44:58,450 --> 00:45:00,510 THEY'RE GOING TO OTHER PLANETS. 826 00:45:00,510 --> 00:45:03,599 I'M GOING TO SEE IF THEY'RE GOING TO PLACE THAT'S CAN EXIST. 827 00:45:03,599 --> 00:45:06,030 AND THAT REALLY EXCITED ME. 828 00:45:06,030 --> 00:45:07,319 >> MARVELOUS. 829 00:45:07,319 --> 00:45:08,349 WHAT IS YOUR EXPERIENCE? 830 00:45:08,349 --> 00:45:12,069 >> I THINK ONE OF THE REASONS WHY WE CAN FIND PLANETS NOW IS A 831 00:45:12,069 --> 00:45:17,460 SMALL NUMBER OF PIONEERS 20 AND 30 YEARS AGO DARED TO BELIEVE 832 00:45:17,460 --> 00:45:21,260 THERE WERE PLANETS OUT THERE AND RISKED THEIR CAREERS AND THEIR 833 00:45:21,260 --> 00:45:25,299 REPUTATIONS AND ALSO SPENT MOST OF THEIR LIFE NOT FINDING 834 00:45:25,299 --> 00:45:28,779 PLANETS BUT BELIEVING THEY'RE OUT THERE AND JUST WILLING THEM 835 00:45:28,779 --> 00:45:29,779 TO EXIST. 836 00:45:29,779 --> 00:45:31,520 AND THEN THEY WERE FOUND. 837 00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:34,870 ONCE THEY WERE FOUND, ALL OF US CAN RIDE THAT WAVE OF THERE 838 00:45:34,870 --> 00:45:38,551 BEING PLENTY OF INTEREST AND MASSIVE INTEREST AND NASA'S 839 00:45:38,551 --> 00:45:41,390 INTEREST AND THE GOVERNMENT INTEREST AND THE FOUNDATION 840 00:45:41,390 --> 00:45:47,119 SUPPORTING THE WORK. 841 00:45:47,119 --> 00:45:49,760 BUT WITHOUT PEOPLE BELIEVING IT WE WOULDN'T BE WHERE WE ARE 842 00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:50,760 TODAY. 843 00:45:50,760 --> 00:45:53,369 >> ONE WHAT ARE THE TECHNOLOGY THAT'S MADE A DIFFERENCE? 844 00:45:53,369 --> 00:45:58,800 WHAT WAS NOT AVAILABLE MORE THAN 20, 30 YEARS AGO THAT IS 845 00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:00,170 AVAILABLE NOW? 846 00:46:00,170 --> 00:46:04,559 NOT ONLY THE TECHNOLOGIES BUT THE MODEL SET MAYBE. 847 00:46:04,559 --> 00:46:10,060 DO YOU HAVE SOME SORT OF VIEW ON THAT? 848 00:46:10,060 --> 00:46:11,589 >> CERTAINLY TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES. 849 00:46:11,589 --> 00:46:16,370 I THINK IT'S A MIND SET TO DO THIS. 850 00:46:16,370 --> 00:46:22,010 SO ARE PEOPLE PROPOSING MISSIONS THAT WOULD HAVE DETECTED PLANETS 851 00:46:22,010 --> 00:46:25,869 WAY BEFORE THEY WERE DETECTED, THERE WASN'T THIS BELIEF THAT 852 00:46:25,869 --> 00:46:26,869 THEY WOULD FIND ANYTHING. 853 00:46:26,869 --> 00:46:28,430 THEY THOUGHT IT WAS TOO RISKY. 854 00:46:28,430 --> 00:46:31,160 ONCE WE KNEW THEY WERE THERE, THEN WE COULD TAKE THE MUCH 855 00:46:31,160 --> 00:46:34,970 SMALLER RISK OF BUILDING THESE VERY EXPENSIVE MISSIONS TO FIND 856 00:46:34,970 --> 00:46:36,549 MANY, MANY PLANETS. 857 00:46:36,549 --> 00:46:37,549 >> OKAY. 858 00:46:37,549 --> 00:46:38,660 QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE? 859 00:46:38,660 --> 00:46:42,610 >> IN TERMS OF THE TOPOGRAPHY USED TO DEFINE EXSO PLANETS, 860 00:46:42,610 --> 00:46:44,859 DOES IT COME FROM THE VISUAL SPECTRUM? 861 00:46:44,859 --> 00:46:49,520 IF IT'S NOT, WHAT OFFERS THE MOST INSIGHT INTO WHAT THE 862 00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:51,480 PLANETS ARE MADE OF? 863 00:46:51,480 --> 00:46:55,251 >> HE ASKED WHICH PART OF THE SPECTRUM, WHICH PART OF THAT 864 00:46:55,251 --> 00:46:57,930 COLOR SPECTRUM IS REALLY IMPORTANT AND WHICH PART WILL 865 00:46:57,930 --> 00:46:59,640 GIVE US THE MOST INFORMATION? 866 00:46:59,640 --> 00:47:02,829 AT THE MOMENT, WE'RE USING THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE WHICH 867 00:47:02,829 --> 00:47:03,859 DOES HAVE THE OPTICAL. 868 00:47:03,859 --> 00:47:06,789 IT ALSO HAS THIS NEAR INFRARED PART. 869 00:47:06,789 --> 00:47:08,520 AND THAT'S CAMERA FREE. 870 00:47:08,520 --> 00:47:11,700 IF YOU'RE HERE TODAY, CAN YOU GO OUTSIDE AND SEE THE PREVIOUS TO 871 00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,740 THE CAMERA 2 WHICH IS USED TO LOOK AT THE FRAN RED PART WHERE 872 00:47:15,740 --> 00:47:17,750 WATER ABSORPTION OCCURS. 873 00:47:17,750 --> 00:47:22,700 SO MOST OF MY PHD WAS USING THAT TO LOOK AT WATER ABSORPTION IN 874 00:47:22,700 --> 00:47:23,880 THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 875 00:47:23,880 --> 00:47:27,609 IF WE WANT TO GO FURTHER INTO THE INFRARED, WE'RE USING SPACE 876 00:47:27,609 --> 00:47:29,910 TELESCOPES TO DO THAT. 877 00:47:29,910 --> 00:47:33,970 AND IT HAS TWO BANDS IN THE INFRARED WHICH WE'RE ABLE TO 878 00:47:33,970 --> 00:47:35,529 LOOK FOR THESE DIFFERENT THINGS. 879 00:47:35,529 --> 00:47:39,250 SO WHAT JAMES WEBB IS GOING TO DO FOR THE JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE 880 00:47:39,250 --> 00:47:46,210 THAT, IS GOING TO GIVE COVERAGE FROM THE OPTICAL, THE END OF THE 881 00:47:46,210 --> 00:47:49,569 RED END OF THE OPTICAL ALL THE WAY UP TO 30 MICONS. 882 00:47:49,569 --> 00:47:54,420 THAT IS HEAT SIGNATURE THAT WE'VE GOT. 883 00:47:54,420 --> 00:47:57,391 SO THAT'S GOING TO REALLY EXPAND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE 884 00:47:57,391 --> 00:47:58,579 ATMOSPHERES. 885 00:47:58,579 --> 00:48:01,950 WHAT IS ABSORBING THEM IN THIS CRITICAL REGION? 886 00:48:01,950 --> 00:48:11,750 WE MAY BE ABLE TO TELL WHAT YOU CLOUDS WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT. 887 00:48:11,750 --> 00:48:16,190 >> WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM THE ONLINE AUDIENCE. 888 00:48:16,190 --> 00:48:25,170 AND THAT IS BASED ON YOUR SIZE ORBIT CHART, EARTH LOOKS TO BE A 889 00:48:25,170 --> 00:48:27,940 COMPLETE OUTLIER. 890 00:48:27,940 --> 00:48:31,680 IS THIS AN INDICATION OF CURRENT TECHNICAL LIMITATION OF 891 00:48:31,680 --> 00:48:33,280 OBSERVATION? 892 00:48:33,280 --> 00:48:34,880 JOHN? 893 00:48:34,880 --> 00:48:38,599 >> I WOULD SAY IT'S VERY LIKELY A LIMITED OBSERVATION. 894 00:48:38,599 --> 00:48:43,559 I CAN'T SAY THAT FOR SURE BECAUSE WE HAVEN'T TRULY FOUND 895 00:48:43,559 --> 00:48:47,869 ANYTHING WE WOULD SAY IS EARTH ANALOG, A EARTH TWIN. 896 00:48:47,869 --> 00:48:50,730 NOTHING THAT WOULD FILL THAT. 897 00:48:50,730 --> 00:48:54,912 BUT IT'S BECAUSE OF TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS, IN ORDER TO FIND 898 00:48:54,912 --> 00:48:59,069 EARTH, YOU NEED TO LOOK AT FROM THE RIGHT ANGLE AT THE RIGHT 899 00:48:59,069 --> 00:49:03,019 STAR FOR YEARS, SEVERAL YEARS ON END. 900 00:49:03,019 --> 00:49:06,630 AND THEN YOU'D BE ABLE TO HAVE TO MUDDLE YOUR SPACECRAFT DOING 901 00:49:06,630 --> 00:49:11,099 DURING THAT TIME AND REALLY DEVELOP YOURAL GA RHYTHMS TO 902 00:49:11,099 --> 00:49:13,880 DETECT THE TINY SIGNALS. 903 00:49:13,880 --> 00:49:15,140 SO THIS IS SOMETHING WE'VE BEEN DOING. 904 00:49:15,140 --> 00:49:19,040 THE MAIN MISSION LASTED ABOUT 3 1/2 YEARS. 905 00:49:19,040 --> 00:49:23,830 AND THE TIME SINCE 2013, ABOUT 18 MONTHS, WE'VE BEEN REALLY 906 00:49:23,830 --> 00:49:26,700 WORKING ON IMPROVING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE 907 00:49:26,700 --> 00:49:29,170 SPACECRAFT IS WORKING. 908 00:49:29,170 --> 00:49:30,170 IT'S IN SPACE. 909 00:49:30,170 --> 00:49:32,630 YOU CAN'T GO AND MEASURE HOW SOMEBODY REACTS TO TEMPERATURE. 910 00:49:32,630 --> 00:49:34,230 YOU HAVE TO REMOTE CENSOR IT. 911 00:49:34,230 --> 00:49:36,820 WE'RE IMPROVING OUR REMOTE SENSING AND MODELS OF HOW 912 00:49:36,820 --> 00:49:38,069 SPACECRAFT WORK. 913 00:49:38,069 --> 00:49:41,190 WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE ONBOARD THINGS ARE DOING AND 914 00:49:41,190 --> 00:49:42,330 WHAT IS COMING FROM THE STAR. 915 00:49:42,330 --> 00:49:45,390 NOT HELPING US TO IMPROVE THIS. 916 00:49:45,390 --> 00:49:47,309 >> YOU MIGHT TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT BIAS. 917 00:49:47,309 --> 00:49:50,980 I DON'T MEAN BIAS IN TERMS OF OUR OPINIONS. 918 00:49:50,980 --> 00:49:55,069 BUT OUR BIAS IN TERMS OF THE FACT THAT WE TEND TO DISCOVER 919 00:49:55,069 --> 00:50:00,160 PLANETS GOING AROUND OTHER STARS IN VERY SHORT PERIODS BECAUSE 920 00:50:00,160 --> 00:50:02,040 WE'RE NOT LOOKING FOR VERY LONG TIME. 921 00:50:02,040 --> 00:50:03,400 YOU BROUGHT UP THAT. 922 00:50:03,400 --> 00:50:06,060 I THINK YOU NEED TO EMPHASIZE THAT. 923 00:50:06,060 --> 00:50:10,039 THAT SHORT PERIOD TRANSITS, SHORT PERIOD VARIATIONS AND 924 00:50:10,039 --> 00:50:14,990 RADIO VELOCITY ARE MORE SENSIBLE THAN LONG PERIODS, THEY TAKE 925 00:50:14,990 --> 00:50:16,569 LONGER TO DISCOVER. 926 00:50:16,569 --> 00:50:20,089 AND WE'VE ONLY BEEN DOING IT FOR A FEW YEARS, 20 YEARS IS NOT 927 00:50:20,089 --> 00:50:23,230 MUCH IN AT LEAST ASTRONOMICAL TIME. 928 00:50:23,230 --> 00:50:25,190 YOU HAVE ANY THOUGHTS ABOUT THAT? 929 00:50:25,190 --> 00:50:28,430 >> WELL, AS YOU SAID, IT'S MUCH EASIER FOR US TO DETECT THE BIG 930 00:50:28,430 --> 00:50:29,430 PLANETS. 931 00:50:29,430 --> 00:50:32,299 THE BIGGER THE PLANET AND CLOSER IT IS TO THE STAR, THE MORE 932 00:50:32,299 --> 00:50:34,089 LIGHT IS BLOCKING OUT. 933 00:50:34,089 --> 00:50:37,530 AND ALSO AT THE SAME TIME, THE CLOSER IT IS TO THE STAR, THE 934 00:50:37,530 --> 00:50:38,859 SMALLER IT IS. 935 00:50:38,859 --> 00:50:42,580 THE SMALLER THE TIME IS BETWEEN IT PASSING IN FRONT ONE TIME AND 936 00:50:42,580 --> 00:50:44,780 COMING AROUND AND PASSING IN FRONT AGAIN. 937 00:50:44,780 --> 00:50:49,380 SO WE CAN CONFIRM THAT SOMETHING IS PERIODICALLY BLOCKING OUT 938 00:50:49,380 --> 00:50:50,799 THAT LIGHT MUCH, MUCH QUICKER. 939 00:50:50,799 --> 00:50:53,580 IF IT TAKES THREE DAYS TO COME BACK AROUND AND BLOCK OUT THAT 940 00:50:53,580 --> 00:50:57,480 LIGHT AGAIN, WE CAN IN A WEEK TELL THAT YOU IT'S BLOCKED OUT 941 00:50:57,480 --> 00:51:00,000 THAT LIGHT A NUMBER OF TIME. 942 00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:02,690 AND THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT FOR WHEN WE'RE CONFIRMING THESE. 943 00:51:02,690 --> 00:51:07,369 THE MENTION WAS TO STAIR AT THE STARS FOR THREE YEARS SO THAT 944 00:51:07,369 --> 00:51:11,690 OVER THE THREE YEARS CAN YOU BUILD UP FREE TRANSIT EVENTS, 945 00:51:11,690 --> 00:51:15,190 FREE PERIODS WHERE IT'S BLOCKING THAT LIGHT FOR THESE MUCH, MUCH 946 00:51:15,190 --> 00:51:18,799 SMALLER PLANETS IN THESE MUCH, MUCH WIDER ORBITS. 947 00:51:18,799 --> 00:51:22,289 WE NEED TO CONFIRM THAT THE THING THAT IS BLOCKING OUT THE 948 00:51:22,289 --> 00:51:24,410 LIGHT IS ACTUALLY GOING TO DO IT AGAIN. 949 00:51:24,410 --> 00:51:29,280 SO IT IS, THEREFORE, KIND OF INFORMED TO BE A PLANET ON AN 950 00:51:29,280 --> 00:51:30,970 ORBIT, A REGULAR ORBIT. 951 00:51:30,970 --> 00:51:34,770 SO IT'S EASIER FOR US TO DO THE BIGGER ONES. 952 00:51:34,770 --> 00:51:38,750 AND THEN AT THE SAME TIME, IT'S EASIER FOR US TO DETECT SMALLER 953 00:51:38,750 --> 00:51:42,299 PLANETS ORBITING SMALLER STARS. 954 00:51:42,299 --> 00:51:44,549 BECAUSE IT'S A RELATIVE SIZE. 955 00:51:44,549 --> 00:51:47,510 WE'RE MEASURING THE AMOUNT OF LIGHTS BEING BLOCKED OUT BY THE 956 00:51:47,510 --> 00:51:51,470 RELATIVE SIZE OF THE PLANET TO THE STAR. 957 00:51:51,470 --> 00:51:53,990 SO IF THE STAR IS SMALLER, THE AMOUNT, SAME AMOUNT OF LIGHT 958 00:51:53,990 --> 00:51:56,910 THAT IS BEING BLOCKED OUT BY BIGGER PLANET ON A BIGGER STAR 959 00:51:56,910 --> 00:51:57,910 CAN BE MEASURED. 960 00:51:57,910 --> 00:52:02,279 SO THESE SMALLER STARS ARE VERY IMPORTANT FOR THESE KINDS OF 961 00:52:02,279 --> 00:52:04,119 STUDIES AS WELL. 962 00:52:04,119 --> 00:52:07,030 BECAUSE WE'RE ABLE TO GET THE SMALLER AND SMALLER PLANETS. 963 00:52:07,030 --> 00:52:10,059 BUT IF YOU WANT TO LOOK AT ONES WHERE THE ORBIT IS LONGER, YOU 964 00:52:10,059 --> 00:52:11,869 HAVE TO LOOK AT THE STAR FOR LONGER. 965 00:52:11,869 --> 00:52:14,440 SO IT TAKES A LOT OF TIME. 966 00:52:14,440 --> 00:52:17,589 >> WHETHER PLANETS STARTED OR AT LEAST TRANSIT STARTED TO BE 967 00:52:17,589 --> 00:52:20,309 OBSERVES WITH KEPLER, THEY CALLED THEM PLANETARY 968 00:52:20,309 --> 00:52:21,829 CANDIDATES. 969 00:52:21,829 --> 00:52:25,119 THEY HAD TO WAIT TO SEE IF THE TRANSIT CAME BACK. 970 00:52:25,119 --> 00:52:26,529 IS THAT RIGHT? 971 00:52:26,529 --> 00:52:27,529 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 972 00:52:27,529 --> 00:52:30,700 YOU KNOW, WE FIND THE PLANETS THAT ARE EASIEST FIRST AND THEN 973 00:52:30,700 --> 00:52:31,800 THEY GET HARDER. 974 00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:34,609 SO WHEN WE FIRST FIND PLANETS, WE FIND PLAN THAETS ARE BIG AND 975 00:52:34,609 --> 00:52:35,720 CLOSE TO THEIR STAR. 976 00:52:35,720 --> 00:52:38,609 AND WE WORK ON THOSE FIRST AND THEN WE GET TO MORE DIFFICULT 977 00:52:38,609 --> 00:52:39,609 ONES. 978 00:52:39,609 --> 00:52:43,650 IT'S NO COINCIDENCE THE TWO BEST PLANETS WERE FOUND FROM KEPLER 979 00:52:43,650 --> 00:52:45,790 ARE ONE THAT ARE EARTH SIZE. 980 00:52:45,790 --> 00:52:48,900 IT'S IN THE HABITUAL ZONE AND ORBITS A VERY SMALL STAR. 981 00:52:48,900 --> 00:52:52,480 THE OTHER ONE IS A STAR THAT IS THE SAME SIZE AS THE SUN. 982 00:52:52,480 --> 00:52:53,829 IT IS A HABITUAL ZONE. 983 00:52:53,829 --> 00:52:55,349 THE PLANET SEARCH BIGGER. 984 00:52:55,349 --> 00:52:58,330 YOU'RE SKIRTING AROUND THIS EDGE OF WHERE WE CAN FIND THINGS 985 00:52:58,330 --> 00:53:02,789 QUECHLT FIND BIGGER PLANETS ORBITS SUNLIGHT STARS AND OTHERS 986 00:53:02,789 --> 00:53:04,329 ORBITING SMALLER SIZE. 987 00:53:04,329 --> 00:53:10,090 FINDING THE EARTH'S TRUE TWIN IS VERY CHALLENGING INDEED. 988 00:53:10,090 --> 00:53:11,670 I BELIEVE WE'RE GOING TO GET THERE. 989 00:53:11,670 --> 00:53:16,050 BUT IT'S A LOT OF WORK AND WE HONE OUR SKILLS WHERE WE CAN DO 990 00:53:16,050 --> 00:53:17,350 IT MOST EASILY. 991 00:53:17,350 --> 00:53:18,579 THE SAME WITH ATMOSPHERES. 992 00:53:18,579 --> 00:53:22,430 WE START WITH THE ATMOSPHERES OF THE GIANT PLANETS AND THEN ONCE 993 00:53:22,430 --> 00:53:25,000 WE CAN DO THIS WE MOVE TO THE MORE CHALLENGING REGIME OF 994 00:53:25,000 --> 00:53:28,930 SMALLER WORLDS AND PROBING ATMOSPHERES OF THESE WORLDS. 995 00:53:28,930 --> 00:53:30,890 BUT THAT COMES LATER. 996 00:53:30,890 --> 00:53:32,359 >> I CAN'T WAIT. 997 00:53:32,359 --> 00:53:36,529 WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM THE ONLINE AUDIENCE. 998 00:53:36,529 --> 00:53:41,000 HAVE EITHER OF THE SPEAKERS BEEN INSPIRED IN THEIR CAREER PATHS 999 00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:47,359 BY SCIENCE FICTION BOOKS, TV SHOWS, OR MOVIES, "DR. 1000 00:53:47,359 --> 00:53:49,460 WHO" PERHAPS? 1001 00:53:49,460 --> 00:53:53,690 THEY BOTH COME FROM A CERTAIN PART OF THE WORLD. 1002 00:53:53,690 --> 00:53:58,250 >> I WAS INSPIRED WHEN I WAS GROWING UP BY "STAR GATE." 1003 00:53:58,250 --> 00:54:00,809 I'M KIND OF GOT THAT THERE. 1004 00:54:00,809 --> 00:54:05,780 "STAR GATE" IS A SHOW ABOUT TRAVELING TO DIFFERENT PLANETS. 1005 00:54:05,780 --> 00:54:09,930 AND THAT REALLY -- I GREW UP IN THE TIME WHEN THAT WAS ON 1006 00:54:09,930 --> 00:54:10,930 TELEVISION. 1007 00:54:10,930 --> 00:54:13,099 SO THAT REALLY -- AND THERE IS A FEMALE ON THE SHOW. 1008 00:54:13,099 --> 00:54:15,030 I SAID I CAN DO THAT. 1009 00:54:15,030 --> 00:54:21,060 SO I BASICALLY STOPPED SAYING I CAN'T DO THAT AND JUST WENT FOR 1010 00:54:21,060 --> 00:54:22,430 IT REALLY. 1011 00:54:22,430 --> 00:54:23,430 >> WONDERFUL. 1012 00:54:23,430 --> 00:54:25,170 >> I MEAN, ABSOLUTELY. 1013 00:54:25,170 --> 00:54:27,450 SCIENCE FICTION INSPIRES OUR DISCOVERY. 1014 00:54:27,450 --> 00:54:31,799 I THINK THE BEST EXAMPLE OF THIS WAS THE -- THERE ARE BOOKS 1015 00:54:31,799 --> 00:54:34,230 WRITTEN ABOUT SCIENCE ORBITING TWO STARS. 1016 00:54:34,230 --> 00:54:35,380 THERE ARE SEVERAL OF THESE. 1017 00:54:35,380 --> 00:54:40,359 POLARIS IS A BOOK IN THE '30s, I BELIEVE, A LONG TIME AGO. 1018 00:54:40,359 --> 00:54:43,750 LATER ON, THERE WAS "DR. 1019 00:54:43,750 --> 00:54:47,750 WHO" UNIVERSE AND THEN THE STAR WARS 1020 00:54:47,750 --> 00:54:48,750 UNIVERSE. 1021 00:54:48,750 --> 00:54:51,740 ALL PLANETS ORBITING TWO STARS. 1022 00:54:51,740 --> 00:54:53,460 SO THEY SAID THEY'RE OUT. 1023 00:54:53,460 --> 00:54:57,640 THERE AND A LOT OF SCIENTISTS SAID WELL MAYBE, PROBABLY NOT. 1024 00:54:57,640 --> 00:54:58,640 IT'S VERY DIFFICULT. 1025 00:54:58,640 --> 00:55:01,210 THAT ENVIRONMENT YOU CAN'T FORM BANDS AROUND. 1026 00:55:01,210 --> 00:55:02,210 WHO KNOWS? 1027 00:55:02,210 --> 00:55:03,210 GUESS WHAT? 1028 00:55:03,210 --> 00:55:07,869 IN 2012, KEPLER FOUND THE FIRST PLANET ORBITING A DOUBLE STAR. 1029 00:55:07,869 --> 00:55:10,910 THIS IS TWO STARS AND THEY GO AROUND THE OUTSIDE. 1030 00:55:10,910 --> 00:55:16,150 THIS IS SCIENCE FICTION PREDICTING SCIENCE FACT OR 1031 00:55:16,150 --> 00:55:17,150 THAT'S WHAT WE'RE DOING. 1032 00:55:17,150 --> 00:55:19,480 AND I THINK THAT THAT'S THE BEST EXAMPLE. 1033 00:55:19,480 --> 00:55:22,369 HOPEFULLY THERE WILL BE MORE SCIENCE FICTION THAT WILL TURN 1034 00:55:22,369 --> 00:55:25,599 TO FACT AS WE GO ALONG. 1035 00:55:25,599 --> 00:55:30,170 >> I REMEMBER AS A STUDENT BEING ASKED TO TRY TO COMPUTE A STABLE 1036 00:55:30,170 --> 00:55:32,200 ORBIT AROUND TWO STARS. 1037 00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:36,070 AND IT HAD TO BE THE TWO STARS WERE VERY CLOSE TOGETHER IN THE 1038 00:55:36,070 --> 00:55:37,829 PLANET WAS VERY FAR AWAY. 1039 00:55:37,829 --> 00:55:43,000 BUT WE HAVE ONE MORE QUESTION FROM THE ONLINE AUDIENCE. 1040 00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:49,740 IN TESS, IS TESS LIKE A LARGER SCALE KEPLER JUST FOCUSING ON 1041 00:55:49,740 --> 00:55:51,920 CLOSER STARS? 1042 00:55:51,920 --> 00:55:54,790 CAN YOU CHARACTERIZE TESS? 1043 00:55:54,790 --> 00:55:57,820 >> ACTUALLY, TESS IS MORE LIKE A SMALLER VERSION OF KEPLER IN 1044 00:55:57,820 --> 00:55:59,650 MANY WAYS. 1045 00:55:59,650 --> 00:56:03,849 YOU CAN IMAGINE SOMETHING VERY BIG HONING IN ON A SMALL AREA OF 1046 00:56:03,849 --> 00:56:04,849 SPACE. 1047 00:56:04,849 --> 00:56:07,190 IF YOU SHRINK IT DOWN, CAN YOU LOOK AT LARGER AREAS. 1048 00:56:07,190 --> 00:56:09,529 THAT'S WHAT TESS IS. 1049 00:56:09,529 --> 00:56:11,660 YOU SHRINK DOWN THE CAMERAS FROM KEPLER. 1050 00:56:11,660 --> 00:56:13,710 YOU INCREASE THE FIELD OF VIEW. 1051 00:56:13,710 --> 00:56:15,019 THINK OF A MICROSCOPE. 1052 00:56:15,019 --> 00:56:21,569 YOU ZOOM IN ON A MICROSCOPE. 1053 00:56:21,569 --> 00:56:24,080 YOU GET THE MAXIMUM 1054 00:56:24,080 --> 00:56:25,080 MAGNIFICATION. 1055 00:56:25,080 --> 00:56:27,299 THAT'S SIMPLY SOMEWHAT HOW TESS WORKS. 1056 00:56:27,299 --> 00:56:33,339 >> I WANT TO THANK BOTH HANNAH AND -- OH, LORD -- 1057 00:56:33,339 --> 00:56:34,559 TOM. 1058 00:56:34,559 --> 00:56:35,779 SORRY. 1059 00:56:35,779 --> 00:56:40,820 FOR A WONDERFUL HOUR HERE, BECOMING, I THINK, COMFORTABLE 1060 00:56:40,820 --> 00:56:45,410 WITH ALL OF THE PLANETS THAT EVIDENTLY EXIST OUT THERE. 1061 00:56:45,410 --> 00:56:49,720 AND I CERTAINLY WANT TO THANK BOEING FOR MAKING THIS PROGRAM 1062 00:56:49,720 --> 00:56:51,030 POSSIBLE. 1063 00:56:51,030 --> 00:56:55,540 AND FOR THE STAFF HERE THAT KNOWS HOW TO MAKE LOOKING BEYOND 1064 00:56:55,540 --> 00:56:59,079 EARTH OR MOVING BEYOND EARTH THIS GALLERY A GLOBAL 1065 00:56:59,079 --> 00:57:00,079 PHENOMENON. 1066 00:57:00,079 --> 00:57:04,930 SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR COMING.